{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T22:16:49Z","timestamp":1772057809080,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]],"date-time":"2011-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many diseases occur when the immune system is weakened. Intracellular signals activate immuno-responsive cells to produce cytokines that modulate the immune response. Schisandra chinensis has been used traditionally to treat general fatigue, neurasthenia, and spontaneous sweating. In the present study, the effect of constituents of S. chinensis on cytokine release by human monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) was tested using microparticle-based flow cytometric analysis. Two major lignans, schizandrin (Sch) and gomisin A (Gom A), were identified and shown to induce interleukin (IL)-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1\u03b2 (MIP-1\u03b2), and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release by THP-1 cells. By reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or quantitative real-time PCR, there was a dose-dependent increase of IL-8, MIP-1\u03b2 and GM-CSF mRNA levels. Thus, Sch and Gom A from S. chinensis enhance cytokine release by THP-1 cells and this effect occurs through mRNA upregulation. Upregulation of MIP-1\u03b2 and GM-CSF in particular may have clinical applications. Therefore, S. chinensis may be therapeutically beneficial by promoting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16064836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]],"date-time":"2011-06-10T12:35:40Z","timestamp":1307709340000},"page":"4836-4849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Immuno-Regulatory Effects of Schisandra chinensis and Its Constituents on Human Monocytic Leukemia Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rong-Dih","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ho-Ping Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sy-Jye","family":"Leu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Hsien","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine & Sciences, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2009.01202.x","article-title":"Cytokine gene-mediated immunotherapy: current status and future perspectives","volume":"100","author":"Jinushi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3109\/02841860903099964","article-title":"Changes in cytokine and biomarker blood levels in patients with colorectal cancer during dendritic cell-based vaccination","volume":"48","author":"Burgdorf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0319","article-title":"Inhibition by triptolide of chemokine, proinflammatory cytokine, and adhesion molecule expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in corneal fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. 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