{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:01:10Z","timestamp":1783029670837,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,2]],"date-time":"2012-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cigarette smoking is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. The present study was aimed to explore the chemopreventive effect of ursolic acid (UA) on these diseases. In the CSE treated normal human bronchial epithelial cell model, UA alleviated cytotoxicity caused by CSE, recovered the intracellular redox balance, and relieved the stimulation of external deleterious factors as well. UA mitigated CSE-induced DNA damage through the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) pathway. Moreover, UA inhibited lung cancer development in the model established by A549 cells in nude mice in vivo. For the first time, our results indicate that UA could be developed as a potential lung cancer chemopreventive agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17089104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,2]],"date-time":"2012-08-02T11:04:55Z","timestamp":1343905495000},"page":"9104-9115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Ursolic Acid Inhibits Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Injury and Prevents Development of Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luan","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L955","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00466.2001","article-title":"Cigarette smoke extract induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"284","author":"Carnevali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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