{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:45:23Z","timestamp":1789181123227,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,11]],"date-time":"2012-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>trans-Caryophyllene is a major component in the essential oils of various species of medicinal plants used in popular medicine in Brazil. It belongs to the chemical class of the sesquiterpenes and has been the subject of a number of studies. Here, we evaluated the effects of this compound in airway smooth muscle. The biological activities of trans-caryophyllene were examined in isolated bath organs to investigate the effect in basal tonus. Electromechanical and pharmacomechanical couplings were evaluated through the responses to K+ depolarization and exposure to acetylcholine (ACh), respectively. Isolated cells of rat tracheal smooth muscle were used to investigate trans-caryophyllene effects on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels by using the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration of the patch-clamp technique. trans-Caryophyllene showed more efficiency in the blockade of electromechanical excitation-contraction coupling while it has only minor inhibitory effect on pharmacomechanical coupling. Epithelium removal does not modify tracheal smooth muscle response elicited by trans-caryophyllene in the pharmacomechanical coupling. Under Ca2+-free conditions, pre-exposure to trans-caryophyllene did not reduce the contraction induced by ACh in isolated rat tracheal smooth muscle, regardless of the presence of intact epithelium. In the whole-cell configuration, trans-caryophyllene (3 mM), inhibited the inward Ba2+ current (IBa) to approximately 50% of control levels. Altogether, our results demonstrate that trans-caryophyllene has anti-spasmodic activity on rat tracheal smooth muscle which could be explained, at least in part, by the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels blockade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171011965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,11]],"date-time":"2012-10-11T11:55:29Z","timestamp":1349956529000},"page":"11965-11977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["trans-Caryophyllene, a Natural Sesquiterpene, Causes Tracheal Smooth Muscle Relaxation through Blockade of Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leidiane","family":"Pinho-da-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Av. Paranjana #1700, Fortaleza 60740-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de Pos-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos #6627, ICB-UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Virg\u00ednia","family":"Mendes-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Av. Paranjana #1700, Fortaleza 60740-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de Pos-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos #6627, ICB-UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylena Maria do Nascimento Garcia","family":"Te\u00f3filo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Av. Paranjana #1700, Fortaleza 60740-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roseli","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Av. Paranjana #1700, Fortaleza 60740-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vania Marilande","family":"Ceccatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Av. Paranjana #1700, Fortaleza 60740-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrelina Noronha","family":"Coelho-de-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Av. Paranjana #1700, Fortaleza 60740-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jader","family":"Santos Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos #6627, ICB-UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Henrique","family":"Leal-Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Av. Paranjana #1700, Fortaleza 60740-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Craveiro, A.A., Fernandes, A.G., Andrade, C.H.S., Matos, F.J.A., Alencar, J.W., and Machado, M.I.L. (1981). \u00d3leos Essenciais de Plantas do Nordeste, UFC."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of essential oils of plants of the northeast of Brazil","volume":"71","author":"Fonteles","year":"1999","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.08.028","article-title":"Essential oil of Pterodon polygalaeflorus inhibits electromechanical coupling on rat isolated trachea","volume":"109","author":"Evangelista","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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