{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:59:36Z","timestamp":1778641176540,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria parasites are now resistant, or showing signs of resistance, to most drugs used in therapy. Novel chemical entities that exhibit new mechanisms of antiplasmodial action are needed. New antimalarials that block transmission of Plasmodium spp. from humans to Anopheles mosquito vectors are key to malaria eradication efforts. Although P. vivax causes a considerable number of malaria cases, its importance has for long been neglected. Vivax malaria can cause severe manifestations and death; hence there is a need for P. vivax-directed research. Plants used in traditional medicine, namely Artemisia annua and Cinchona spp. are the sources of the antimalarial natural products artemisinin and quinine, respectively. Based on these compounds, semi-synthetic artemisinin-derivatives and synthetic quinoline antimalarials have been developed and are the most important drugs in the current therapeutic arsenal for combating malaria. In the Amazon region, where P. vivax predominates, there is a local tradition of using plant-derived preparations to treat malaria. Here, we review the current P. falciparum and P. vivax drug-sensitivity assays, focusing on challenges and perspectives of drug discovery for P. vivax, including tests against hypnozoites. We also present the latest findings of our group and others on the antiplasmodial and antimalarial chemical components from Amazonian plants that may be potential drug leads against malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18089219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T11:56:22Z","timestamp":1375444582000},"page":"9219-9240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Amazonian Plant Natural Products: Perspectives for Discovery of New Antimalarial Drug Leads"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Pohlit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amaz\u00f4nia (INPA), Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo, 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amaz\u00f4nia (INPA), Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo, 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Frausin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amaz\u00f4nia (INPA), Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo, 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amaz\u00f4nia (INPA), Av. Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo, 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Bioci\u00eancias (LNBio) \u2013 Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNEPM) - P.O. Box 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Mestrado em Sociedade, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente. UniEVANG\u00c9LICA-Centro Universit\u00e1rio de An\u00e1polis, 75083-515 Anap\u00f3lis, GO, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Mal\u00e1ria e Doen\u00e7as Tropicais, LA\/IHMT-Universidade Nova de Lisboa,  1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, 69040-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas,  69040-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, 69040-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas,  69040-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Freitas-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Bioci\u00eancias (LNBio) \u2013 Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNEPM) - P.O. Box 6192, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2011). A research agenda for malaria eradication: Drugs. PLoS Med., 8, e1000402.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000402"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0573","article-title":"Counter perspective: Artemisinin resistance: Facts, fears, and fables","volume":"87","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. 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