{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:34:43Z","timestamp":1790026483235,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inonotus obliquus (IO) is parasitic mushroom that grows on birch and other trees in Russia, Korea, Europe and United States. However, IO is not readily available for consumption due to its high cost and difficult growth. In this regard, IO was inoculated on germinated brown rice (GBR) in the present study and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the IO grown on germinated brown rice (IOGBR) extracts were evaluated extensively and compared with those for IO and GBR. IOGBR showed highest antioxidant activities with scavenging total intracellular ROS and MDA levels as well as increasing the antioxidant enzymes activity in the H2O2-stimulated mice liver. It also exhibited best inflammatory activities by suppressing the proinflammatory mediators such as NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 in an LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line. This study provides a comparative approach to find out an excellent natural source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agent as a dietary supplement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18089293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T11:56:22Z","timestamp":1375444582000},"page":"9293-9304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Inonotus obliquus and Germinated Brown Rice Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Trishna","family":"Debnath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(97)01018-2","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.12.1819","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage","volume":"41","author":"Gutteridge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e3280106806","article-title":"The impact of endogenous triggers on trauma-associated inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Zedler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"31","article-title":"Inflammasome adaptors and sensors: Intracellular regulators of infection and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Mariathasan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.10.012","article-title":"Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by Sanguis. draconis, a dragon\u2019s blood resin, in RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"115","author":"Choy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.01.054","article-title":"Comparative study of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of wild edible mushroom caps and stipes","volume":"110","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00342-9","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of several commercial mushrooms","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.12.047","article-title":"Anti-cancer effect and structural haracterization of endo-polysaccharide from cultivated mycelia of Inonotus. obliquus","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-998-0032-9","article-title":"Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease","volume":"75","author":"Aruoma","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.552210120","article-title":"Chaga mushroom extract inhibits oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes as assessed by comet assay","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"18","article-title":"Effect of Inonotus. obliquus extracts on proliferation and caspase-3 activity in human gastro-intestinal cancer cell lines","volume":"36","author":"Hwang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.68.2391","article-title":"Comparative study on the modulation of IgE and cytokine production by Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice, Phellinus Linteus and germinated brown rice in murine splenocytes","volume":"68","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3064","article-title":"The ethyl acetate extract of Phellinus. linteus grown on germinated brown rice induces G0\/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kayahara, H., and Tukahara, K. (2001, January 4\u20137). Flavor, health and nutritional quality of pre-germinated brown rice. Food Flavors and Chemistry: Advances of the New Millennium. Proceedings of the 10th International Flavor Conference, Paros, Greece."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BILE.0000007071.28105.c1","article-title":"Extracts of Phellinus. linteus grown on germinated brown rice suppress liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats","volume":"25","author":"Jeon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-005-4474-y","article-title":"Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice suppresses IgE production by the modulation of Th1\/Th2 balance in murine mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debnath, T., Park, D.K., Lee, B.R., Jin, H.L., Lee, S.Y., Samad, N.B., and Lim, B.O. (2011). Antioxidant activity of Inonotus obliquus grown on germinated brown rice extracts. J. Food Biochem.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.2012.00658.x"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2863(95)00168-9","article-title":"Flavonoids-Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources","volume":"7","author":"Cook","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2174\/1876396001003010248","article-title":"Effect of mushroom on the lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and liver functions of aging Swiss Abino rats","volume":"3","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Nutraceuticals J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83102-7","article-title":"Superoxide dismutases. An adaptation to a paramagnetic gas","volume":"264","author":"Fridovich","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83842-5","article-title":"Superoxide radicals inhibit catalase","volume":"257","author":"Kono","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06196.x","article-title":"Morgan oxidative stress and regulation of anti-oxidant enzymes in cytochrome P4502E1 transgenic mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver","volume":"25","author":"Kathirvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroen. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X10008342","article-title":"Pinus massoniana bark extract protects against oxidative damage in L-02 hepatic cells and mice","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3181\/0708-MR-227","article-title":"The immunobiology of mushrooms","volume":"233","author":"Borchers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06663-3","article-title":"Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Moncada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17152.x","article-title":"Cyclooxygenasegene expression ininflammation and angiogenesis","volume":"696","author":"Hla","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800800308","article-title":"Cytokines, sepsis and immunomodulation","volume":"80","author":"Molloy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199407000-00015","article-title":"Pre-exposure to hypoxia or septic stimuli differentially regulates endotoxin release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and superoxide by macrophages","volume":"3","author":"West","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.06.026","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of Inonotus obliquus, Polygala senega L., and Viburnum trilobum in a cell screening assay","volume":"125","author":"Van","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"201","article-title":"Protection of precision cut-goat Liver slices by Zea. mays leaf extracts from hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"467","article-title":"Sesbania. grandiflora diminishes oxidative stress and ameliorates antioxidant capacity in liver and kidney of rats exposed to cigarette smoke","volume":"61","author":"Ramesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxidase in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/18\/8\/9293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:24Z","timestamp":1760219304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/18\/8\/9293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules18089293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules18089293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]}}}