{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:59:27Z","timestamp":1791197967278,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]],"date-time":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advances in prevention, risk assessment and treatment, coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. The lion\u2019s share is due to acute coronary syndromes (ACS), which are predominantly triggered by plaque rupture or erosion and subsequent coronary thrombosis. As the majority of vulnerable plaques does not cause a significant stenosis, due to expansive remodeling, and are rather defined by their composition and biological activity, detection of vulnerable plaques with x-ray angiography has shown little success. Non-invasive vulnerable plaque detection by identifying biological features that have been associated with plaque progression, destabilization and rupture may therefore be more appropriate and may allow earlier detection, more aggressive treatment and monitoring of treatment response. MR molecular imaging with target specific molecular probes has shown great promise for the noninvasive in vivo visualization of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level in animals and humans. Compared to other imaging modalities; MRI can provide excellent spatial resolution; high soft tissue contrast and has the ability to simultaneously image anatomy; function as well as biological tissue composition and activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181114042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]],"date-time":"2013-11-13T12:55:52Z","timestamp":1384347352000},"page":"14042-14069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Molecular MRI of Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alkystis","family":"Phinikaridou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Andia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Lorrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Charite, Berlin 10117, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Botnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and ESPRC Medical Engineering Center, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e25","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20132008 update: A report from the american heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee","volume":"117","author":"Rosamond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191259","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20132009 update: A report from the american heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee","volume":"119","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.10.065","article-title":"Pathology of the vulnerable plaque","volume":"47","author":"Virmani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.068","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Falk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0507-532","article-title":"The popcorn plaques","volume":"13","author":"Narula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.082","article-title":"Assessment of culprit lesion morphology in acute myocardial infarction: Ability of optical coherence tomography compared with intravascular ultrasound and coronary angioscopy","volume":"50","author":"Kubo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.6.598","article-title":"Extent and direction of arterial remodeling in stable versus unstable coronary syndromes: An intravascular ultrasound study","volume":"101","author":"Schoenhagen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2104","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of plaque characteristics with multislice computed tomography coronary angiography in symptomatic diabetic patients","volume":"30","author":"Pundziute","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.03.052","article-title":"Delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance coronary artery wall imaging: Comparison with multislice computed tomography and quantitative coronary angiography","volume":"50","author":"Yeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl102","article-title":"Selective coronary artery plaque visualization and differentiation by contrast-enhanced inversion prepared mri","volume":"27","author":"Maintz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.5.506","article-title":"Noninvasive in vivo human coronary artery lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"102","author":"Fayad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000025629.85631.1E","article-title":"Three-dimensional black-blood cardiac magnetic resonance coronary vessel wall imaging detects positive arterial remodeling in patients with nonsignificant coronary artery disease","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Histology by magnetic resonance microscopy","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Quart."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.036","article-title":"Noninvasive visualization of coronary artery endothelial function in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"56","author":"Hays","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.111.969691","article-title":"Regional coronary endothelial function is closely related to local early coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild coronary artery disease: Pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Hays","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.092098","article-title":"Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of endothelial permeability in murine atherosclerosis using an albumin-binding contrast agent","volume":"126","author":"Phinikaridou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207","article-title":"Atherosclerosis\u2014An inflammatory disease","volume":"340","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104353","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"105","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"II30","article-title":"Why do plaques rupture?","volume":"86","author":"Falk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.3.657","article-title":"Coronary plaque disruption","volume":"92","author":"Falk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000037100.44766.5B","article-title":"Inflammation and restenosis in the stent era","volume":"22","author":"Welt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.3.314","article-title":"Coronary artery compliance and adaptive vessel remodelling in patients with stable and unstable coronary artery disease","volume":"84","author":"Jeremias","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.10.267","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and extracellular matrix","volume":"10","author":"Katsuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00321-6","article-title":"Collagen synthesis in atherosclerosis: Too much and not enough","volume":"41","author":"Rekhter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000064372.78561.A5","article-title":"Elastogenesis in human arterial disease: A role for macrophages in disordered elastin synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Krettek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.75.4.650","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling after balloon angioplasty injury in a rabbit model of restenosis","volume":"75","author":"Strauss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2228","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00410.2005","article-title":"Collagen and elastin cross-linking: A mechanism of constrictive remodeling after arterial injury","volume":"289","author":"Brasselet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002358","article-title":"A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Stone","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.05.005","article-title":"Association between ivus findings and adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: The viva (vh-ivus in vulnerable atherosclerosis) study","volume":"4","author":"Calvert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.068","article-title":"Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Motoyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.056","article-title":"Thin-walled microvessels in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques show incomplete endothelial junctions relevance of compromised structural integrity for intraplaque microvascular leakage","volume":"53","author":"Sluimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.8.1070","article-title":"Circumferential stress and matrix metalloproteinase 1 in human coronary atherosclerosis. Implications for plaque rupture","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Hansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035655","article-title":"Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma","volume":"349","author":"Kolodgie","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/00313020903434348","article-title":"Immunolocalisation of fibrin in coronary atherosclerosis: Implications for necrotic core development","volume":"42","author":"Tavora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.004","article-title":"Increased spatial vasa vasorum density in the proximal lad in hypercholesterolemia\u2014implications for vulnerable plaque-development","volume":"192","author":"Gossl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.086","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of thin-cap fibroatheroma and ruptured plaques in human coronary arteries: A pathologic study","volume":"50","author":"Cheruvu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000178991.71605.18","article-title":"Atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability to rupture: Angiogenesis as a source of intraplaque hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Virmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.11.003","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and proteinase activation","volume":"69","author":"Dollery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.173898","article-title":"Metalloproteinase expression in monocytes and macrophages and its relationship to atherosclerotic plaque instability","volume":"28","author":"Newby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"5","article-title":"Plasma lipoperoxidative markers in ischaemic stroke suggest brain embolism","volume":"4","author":"Re","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035003","article-title":"Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain","volume":"349","author":"Brennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64036-9","article-title":"Macrophage myeloperoxidase regulation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human atherosclerosis and implications in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"158","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1461","article-title":"Fibrinogen deficiency is compatible with the development of atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"101","author":"Xiao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.9.1.109","article-title":"Identification and distribution of fibrinogen, fibrin, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products in atheroscleros. Use of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Bini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000129310.17277.E7","article-title":"Lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques detected by gadofluorine-enhanced in vivo magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"109","author":"Sirol","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.142.3.619","article-title":"Characteristics of gadolinium-dtpa complex: A potential nmr contrast agent","volume":"142","author":"Weinmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"157","article-title":"First use of gddtpa\/dimeglumine in man","volume":"16","author":"Laniado","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1021\/cr980440x","article-title":"Gadolinium(iii) chelates as mri contrast agents: Structure, dynamics, and applications","volume":"99","author":"Caravan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.2.2326474","article-title":"Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide: Characterization of a new class of contrast agents for mr imaging","volume":"175","author":"Weissleder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-009-0189-8","article-title":"3D T(1)-mapping for the characterization of deep vein thrombosis","volume":"22","author":"Blume","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10407","article-title":"Rapid combined t1 and t2 mapping using gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state","volume":"49","author":"Deoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ferrimagnetic susceptibility contrast agents","volume":"387","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Radiol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20010803)40:15<2903::AID-ANIE2903>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Enzyme-activated gd(3+) magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents with a prominent receptor-induced magnetization enhancement","volume":"40","author":"Nivorozhkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1039\/b510982p","article-title":"Strategies for increasing the sensitivity of gadolinium based mri contrast agents","volume":"35","author":"Caravan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.99.559","article-title":"Relaxation processes in a system of 2 spins","volume":"99","author":"Solomon","year":"1955","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.267","article-title":"Influence of molecular parameters and increasing magnetic field strength on relaxivity of gadolinium- and manganese-based t(1) contrast agents","volume":"4","author":"Caravan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contrast. Media. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.5.2120963","article-title":"Iron oxide-enhanced mr imaging of the liver and spleen: Review of the first 5 years","volume":"155","author":"Ferrucci","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(93)90006-Y","article-title":"Dual contrast enhancement of both t1- and t2-weighted sequences using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide","volume":"11","author":"Small","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000129472.45832.b0","article-title":"Phase i clinical evaluation of citrate-coated monocrystalline very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles as a new contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"39","author":"Taupitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A72","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-10-S1-A72","article-title":"211 MRI of coronary vessel wall injury in a swine model of coronary intervention using an eletrostatically stabilized vsop nanoparticle","volume":"10","author":"Preissel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Resonance"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1548","article-title":"Molecular, cellular and functional imaging of atherothrombosis","volume":"3","author":"Choudhury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(91)90412-F","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles for use as an mri contrast agent: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Pouliquen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200008000-00002","article-title":"Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced mri of atherosclerotic plaques in watanabe hereditable hyperlipidemic rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Schmitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200012)12:6<905::AID-JMRI14>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"New generation of monomer-stabilized very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (vsop) as contrast medium for mr angiography: Preclinical results in rats and rabbits","volume":"12","author":"Taupitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.3.415","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in hyperlipidemic rabbits","volume":"103","author":"Ruehm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000068315.98705.CC","article-title":"Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"107","author":"Kooi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-1124fje","article-title":"In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of immune cells in the central nervous system with superparamagnetic antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Pirko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10030","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced high resolution mri for atherosclerotic carotid artery tissue characterization","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000116767.95046.C2","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging identifies the fibrous cap in atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"109","author":"Kramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(02)00332-7","article-title":"Tissue-specific mr contrast agents","volume":"46","author":"Weinmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181d5466b","article-title":"Gadofosveset-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques: A proof-of-concept study","volume":"45","author":"Lobbes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2310\/7290.2006.00009","article-title":"Cellular imaging of inflammation in atherosclerosis using magnetofluorescent nanomaterials","volume":"5","author":"Jaffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.145466","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of endothelial adhesion molecules in mouse atherosclerosis using dual-targeted microparticles of iron oxide","volume":"28","author":"McAteer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1021\/bc049949r","article-title":"A liposomal system for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of molecular targets","volume":"15","author":"Mulder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.646380","article-title":"Noninvasive vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 imaging identifies inflammatory activation of cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Nahrendorf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21315","article-title":"Molecular imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using bimodal peg-micelles","volume":"58","author":"Mulder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606281104","article-title":"Detecting and assessing macrophages in vivo to evaluate atherosclerosis noninvasively using molecular mri","volume":"104","author":"Amirbekian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.063","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of macrophage-rich atherosclerotic plaque in hyperlipidemic rabbits using \u201cpositive contrast\u201d magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"52","author":"Korosoglou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2310","article-title":"Assessment of atherosclerotic plaque burden with an elastin-specific magnetic resonance contrast agent","volume":"17","author":"Makowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.895607","article-title":"Mri of coronary wall remodeling in a swine model of coronary injury using an elastin-binding contrast agent","volume":"4","author":"Makowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.266","article-title":"Morphology, binding behavior and mr-properties of paramagnetic collagen-binding liposomes","volume":"4","author":"Sanders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.017","article-title":"In vivo characterization of a new abdominal aortic aneurysm mouse model with conventional and molecular magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"58","author":"Klink","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.06.016","article-title":"Collagen-specific peptide conjugated hdl nanoparticles as mri contrast agent to evaluate compositional changes in atherosclerotic plaque regression","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00333.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging","volume":"1","author":"Moody","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074222.61572.44","article-title":"Characterization of complicated carotid plaque with magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging in patients with cerebral ischemia","volume":"107","author":"Moody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074204.92443.37","article-title":"Prevalence of complicated carotid atheroma as detected by magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging in patients with suspected carotid artery stenosis and previous acute cerebral ischemia","volume":"107","author":"Murphy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10421","article-title":"Mri for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism","volume":"18","author":"Wild","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.932","article-title":"Magnetic resonance images lipid, fibrous, calcified, hemorrhagic, and thrombotic components of human atherosclerosis in vivo","volume":"94","author":"Toussaint","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.8.1496","article-title":"In vitro and in situ magnetic resonance imaging signal features of atherosclerotic plaque-associated lipids","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.15.1541","article-title":"Noninvasive in vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic lesions in genetically engineered mice","volume":"98","author":"Fayad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.162.2.3797668","article-title":"Venous clots: Evaluation with mr imaging","volume":"162","author":"Rapoport","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Moody, A.R., Morgan, P.S., Fraser, D., and Hunt, B.J. (, 2000). T1 Reducing Properties of Methaemoglobin: Application to Direct MR Thrombus Imaging. Proceedings of the ISMRM 8th scientific meeting, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615957","article-title":"Recruitment of labelled monocytes by experimental venous thrombi","volume":"85","author":"McGuinness","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-09-0596","article-title":"The role of neovascularisation in the resolution of venous thrombus","volume":"93","author":"Modarai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00006","article-title":"Diagnosis of lower-limb deep venous thrombosis: A prospective blinded study of magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging","volume":"136","author":"Fraser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)24041-9","article-title":"Direct imaging of deep-vein thrombosis with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"350","author":"Moody","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613461","article-title":"Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging: A novel technique for imaging venous thromboemboli","volume":"89","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.209.2.9807558","article-title":"Lower-limb deep venous thrombosis: Direct mr imaging of the thrombus","volume":"209","author":"Moody","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2005.10.009","article-title":"Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging at 3 t field strength in patients with lower limb deep vein thrombosis: A feasibility study","volume":"61","author":"Schmitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001371","article-title":"Magnetic resonance t1 relaxation time of venous thrombus is determined by iron processing and predicts susceptibility to lysis","volume":"128","author":"Saha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01448-0","article-title":"Angiogenesis: Potentials for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic inflammation","volume":"52","author":"Griffioen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2174\/156652406778018671","article-title":"Atherosclerosis neovascularization and imaging","volume":"6","author":"Purushothaman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01323","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"420","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000235724.11299.76","article-title":"Endothelial alpha(v)beta3 integrin-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles inhibit angiogenesis in atherosclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Winter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.03.012","article-title":"Mr molecular imaging of aortic angiogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2412051336","article-title":"Inflammation in carotid atherosclerotic plaque: A dynamic contrast-enhanced mr imaging study","volume":"241","author":"Kerwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.149666","article-title":"Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis using a novel noninvasive imaging approach","volume":"28","author":"Lancelot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq413","article-title":"Monitoring of arterial wall remodelling in atherosclerotic rabbits with a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent binding to matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"32","author":"Hyafil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.813998","article-title":"Enzyme-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging targeting myeloperoxidase identifies active inflammation in experimental rabbit atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"120","author":"Ronald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200012)44:6<867::AID-MRM7>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"High-resolution mri characterization of human thrombus using a novel fibrin-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticle contrast agent","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3601.094303","article-title":"Novel mri contrast agent for molecular imaging of fibrin: Implications for detecting vulnerable plaques","volume":"104","author":"Flacke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127034.50006.C0","article-title":"In vivo molecular imaging of acute and subacute thrombosis using a fibrin-binding magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent","volume":"109","author":"Botnar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000134960.31304.87","article-title":"In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of coronary thrombosis using a fibrin-binding molecular magnetic resonance contrast agent","volume":"110","author":"Botnar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000158478.29668.9B","article-title":"Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of coronary thrombosis and pulmonary emboli with a novel fibrin-targeted contrast agent","volume":"111","author":"Spuentrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.008","article-title":"In vivo assessment of intraplaque and endothelial fibrin in apoe(-\/-) mice by molecular mri","volume":"222","author":"Makowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-0965-2","article-title":"Mr imaging of thrombi using ep-2104r, a fibrin specific contrast agent: Initial results in patients","volume":"18","author":"Spuentrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Radiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.801712","article-title":"Increased neovascularization in advanced lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions detected by gadofluorine-m-enhanced mri: Implications for plaque vulnerability","volume":"2","author":"Sirol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16316","DOI":"10.1021\/ja044911a","article-title":"Recombinant hdl-like nanoparticles: A specific contrast agent for mri of atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"126","author":"Frias","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.257","article-title":"Incorporation of an apoe-derived lipopeptide in high-density lipoprotein mri contrast agents for enhanced imaging of macrophages in atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000093185.16083.95","article-title":"Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in early-stage atherosclerosis with alpha(v)beta3-integrin-targeted nanoparticles","volume":"108","author":"Winter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/18\/11\/14042\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:35Z","timestamp":1760219435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/18\/11\/14042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules181114042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules181114042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]}}}