{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:50:39Z","timestamp":1787064639677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premedication with a combination of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) and H2 receptor (H2R) antagonists has been suggested as a prophylactic principle, for instance, in anaesthesia and surgery. Aiming at pharmacological hybrids combining H1R and H2R antagonistic activity, a series of cyanoguanidines 14\u201335 was synthesized by linking mepyramine-type H1R antagonist substructures with roxatidine-, tiotidine-, or ranitidine-type H2R antagonist moieties. N-desmethylmepyramine was connected via a poly-methylene spacer to a cyanoguanidine group as the \u201curea equivalent\u201d of the H2R antagonist moiety. The title compounds were screened for histamine antagonistic activity at the isolated ileum (H1R) and the isolated spontaneously beating right atrium (H2R) of the guinea pig. The results indicate that, depending on the nature of the H2R antagonist partial structure, the highest H1R antagonist potency resided in roxatidine-type compounds with spacers of six methylene groups in length (compound 21), and tiotidine-type compounds irrespective of the alkyl chain length (compounds 28, 32, 33), N-cyano-N'-[2-[[(2-guanidino-4-thiazolyl)methyl]thio]ethyl]-N\u2033-[2-[N-[2-[N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-(pyridyl)-amino] ethyl]-N-methylamino]ethyl] guanidine (25, pKB values: 8.05 (H1R, ileum) and 7.73 (H2R, atrium) and the homologue with the mepyramine moiety connected by a six-membered chain to the tiotidine-like partial structure (compound 32, pKB values: 8.61 (H1R) and 6.61 (H2R) were among the most potent hybrid compounds. With respect to the development of a potential pharmacotherapeutic agent, structural optimization seems possible through selection of other H1R and H2R pharmacophoric moieties with mutually affinity-enhancing properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181114186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T11:50:00Z","timestamp":1384516200000},"page":"14186-14202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Synthesis and Dual Histamine H1 and H2 Receptor Antagonist Activity of Cyanoguanidine Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bassem","family":"Sadek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17666, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Alisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin D-14195, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Buschauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, University Str. 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurd","family":"Elz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, University Str. 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01328-0","article-title":"International union of pharmacology. 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