{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T02:19:48Z","timestamp":1778984388673,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The roots of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae) are used in Malian traditional medicine in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers and gastritis. Since oxidative stress is involved in gastric ulceration, the aim of this study was to screen the root extracts for their in vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic content. The roots were extracted successively with chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. The antioxidant activity of root extracts was evaluated in both cell-free and cell-based assays. Their chemical characterization was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy  (FT-IR) whereas the total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the highest phenolic content and was found to be the most active in the free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays; it also showed a high antioxidant activity in MCF-12F cells. This study suggests a potential use of the ethyl acetate extract of Vernonia kotschyana not only as an antioxidant agent in gastroduodenal ulcers and gastritis, but also in other disorders characterized by high levels of oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191119114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T10:56:41Z","timestamp":1416394601000},"page":"19114-19136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vernonia kotschyana Roots: Therapeutic Potential via Antioxidant Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3948-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Vasincu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University  of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo,  P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drissa","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Medicine, University of Bamako, PB 1746 Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"Vasincu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences I, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Aprotosoaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University  of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Bild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University  of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Charalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Constantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University  of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gavrilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Medical I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200012)14:8<581::AID-PTR776>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"The plant kingdom as a source of anti-ulcer remedies","volume":"14","author":"Borrelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i22.2710","article-title":"Spices, herbal xenobiotics and the stomach: Friends or foes?","volume":"16","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00124-0","article-title":"Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite in Helicobacter pylori gastric ulcer","volume":"27","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, J. (2011). Peptic Ulcer Disease, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/749"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-115SR","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in stomach disorders","volume":"50","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on gastric microcirculation with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced gastric injury in rats","volume":"11","author":"Choochuay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thai J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.04.004","article-title":"The protective of hydrogen on stress-induced gastric ulceration","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"39","article-title":"Role of free radicals in peptic ulcer and gastritis","volume":"14","author":"Demir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of glycemic control, gastric juice nitric oxide and oxidative stress in diabetic patients infected by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"3","author":"Dolatkhah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanjundaiah, S.M., Annaiah, H.N.M., and Dharmesh, S.M. (2011). Gastroprotective effect of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) extract: role of gallic acid and cinnamic acid in H+, K+-ATPase\/H. pylori inhibition and anti-oxidative mechanism. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep060"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064751","article-title":"In vivo antioxidant and antiulcer activity of Parkia speciosa ethanolic leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"8","author":"Abdualkader","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602010000400010","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Parkia platycephala Benth. leaves against acute gastric lesion models in rodents","volume":"43","author":"Fernandes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2011.08.007","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activities of Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis flowers extract in rats","volume":"32","author":"Alimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025878","article-title":"Strawberry polyphenols attenuate ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats by activation of antioxidant enzymes and attenuation of MDA increase","volume":"6","author":"Dekanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"30","article-title":"Comparison of antiulcer activity of Curcuma longa with Mentha piperita","volume":"10","author":"Sumanth","year":"2012","journal-title":"JIVA"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"46","article-title":"Anti-ulcer and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera (Lam) leaves against aspirin and ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.01.040","article-title":"A review of the medicinal potential of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae)","volume":"146","author":"Toyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.12.007","article-title":"Isolation, partial characterisation and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp","volume":"91","author":"Nergard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.08.031","article-title":"Inulin-rich fractions from Vernonia kotschyana roots have anti-ulcer activity","volume":"144","author":"Austarheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(96)80047-X","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip","volume":"2","author":"Germano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.03.009","article-title":"Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells by aqueous extracts and pectic polysaccharides from the roots of Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. and Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp","volume":"95","author":"Inngjerdingen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.10.044","article-title":"Chemical and biological characterization of polysaccharides from wild and cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana","volume":"139","author":"Inngjerdingen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"172","article-title":"Study of whole plant of Vernonia cinerea Less. for in vitro antioxidant activity","volume":"4","author":"Daffodil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"30","article-title":"Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Vernonia cinerea extract against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats","volume":"10","author":"Leelaprakash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"481","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Cedrus brevifolia bark","volume":"9","author":"Cretu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14125349","article-title":"Correlation between antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of radix Angelicae sinensis (Danggui)","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","article-title":"Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"47","author":"Marklund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.07.022","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of different fractions of polysaccharide purified from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.09.013","article-title":"3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde purified from the barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare) inhibits oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis via its antioxidant activity","volume":"16","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.09.006","article-title":"Evaluation of NO-supressing activity of several Mediterranean culinary spices","volume":"45","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"551","article-title":"Bioactivity screening of Pinus brutia bark extracts: Superoxide dismutase-like activity and nitric oxide scavenging effects","volume":"117","author":"Cretu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.0050","article-title":"In vitro study on the antioxidant activity of a polyphenol-rich extract from Pinus brutia bark and its fractions","volume":"16","author":"Cretu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"250","article-title":"15-Lipoxygenase inhibition, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities of Cedrus brevifolia bark extracts","volume":"117","author":"Cretu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.02.030","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of extract and fractions from Tuber indicum Cooke & Massee","volume":"127","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2007.06.006","article-title":"Antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-breast cancer activities of phenolic extract from pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) bark","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00332-1","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison","volume":"163","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2006.04.004","article-title":"Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae","volume":"77","author":"Matkowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1994.1485","article-title":"Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and peroxyl radical scavengers","volume":"315","author":"Dinis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.01.001","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and phytochemical characteristics of extracts from Acacia confusa bark","volume":"100","author":"Tung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7773","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16097773","article-title":"Chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial investigations of Pinus cembra L. bark and needles","volume":"16","author":"Apetrei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.12.002","article-title":"Sensitive cell-based assay using DCFH oxidation for the determination of pro- and antioxidant properties of compounds and mixtures: Analysis of fruit and vegetable juices","volume":"115","author":"Pichette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Trease, G.E., and Evans, W.C. (1989). Pharmacognosy, Bailliere Tindall. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"10","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants","volume":"3","author":"Yadav","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phytol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"48","article-title":"Rapid discrimination of extracts of Chinese propolis and poplar buds by FT-IR and 2D IR correlation spectroscopy","volume":"883\u2013884","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"298","article-title":"Quantification, chemical and biological characterization of the saponosides material from Sida cordifolia L. (escobilla)","volume":"18","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Cubana Plant. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2014.03.022","article-title":"Two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy applied to analyzing and identifying the extracts of Baeckea frutescens medicinal materials","volume":"6","author":"Adib","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/637587","article-title":"Infrared spectra of some fructans","volume":"16","author":"Grube","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2007.00320.x","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of protein secondary structures","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biochem. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"217","article-title":"Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FT-IR) analysis of root rot disease in sesame (Sesamum indicum)","volume":"18","author":"Gokulakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Romanian J. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)00477-9","article-title":"Vernoniosides and an androstane glycoside from Vernonia kotschyana","volume":"47","author":"Sanogo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"239","article-title":"Pharmacochemical characterization, FT-IR and antibacterial activity of Vernonia cinerea Less","volume":"5","author":"Daffodil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, J.B., Temponi, V.S., Gasparetto, C.M., Fabri, R.L., Arag\u00e3o, D.M.O., Pinto, N.C., Ribeiro, A., Scio, E., Del-Vechio-Vieira, G., and de Sousa, O.V. (2013). Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae): A promising source of antioxidants. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/698018"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"721","article-title":"The effect of extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats","volume":"4","author":"Nwaoguikpe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2006.03.050","article-title":"Radical scavenging ability of polyphenolic compounds towards DPPH free radical","volume":"71","author":"Troncoso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative-stress induced cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.115011","article-title":"Rutin exerts antiulcer effect by inhibiting the gastric proton pump","volume":"45","author":"Dubey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14030979","article-title":"Flavonoids with gastroprotective activity","volume":"14","author":"Dias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"11","article-title":"Free radicals in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"6","year":"1999","journal-title":"FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Ser.: Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"273","article-title":"An insight in to the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular diseases: Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants","volume":"4","author":"Aditi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Anal. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0752rev","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage: Mechanisms, mutation, and disease","volume":"17","author":"Cooke","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-007-0013-x","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.027","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation triggers neurodegeneration: a redox proteomics view into the Alzheimer disease brain","volume":"62","author":"Sultana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0212-5","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease","volume":"35","author":"Baillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.01.047","article-title":"Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander","volume":"88","author":"Wangensteen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/19\/11\/19114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:39Z","timestamp":1760216979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/19\/11\/19114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules191119114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules191119114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]}}}