{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:22:05Z","timestamp":1773840125158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sandwich structures were fabricated by a vacuum deposition method using MPc (M = Cu, Zn), with a Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative, and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and aluminum electrodes. The structure and morphology of the deposited films were studied by IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The absorption spectra of TTF derivative-MPc (M = Cu, Zn) thin films deposited at room temperature were recorded in the spectral range 200\u20131000 nm. The optical band gap of the thin films was determined from the (\u03b1h\u03bd)1\/2 vs. h\u03bd plot. The direct-current (DC) electrical properties of the glass\/ITO\/TTFderiv-MPc (M = Cu, Zn)\/Al structures were also investigated. Changes in conductivity of the derivative-TTF-enriched Pc compounds suggest the formation of alternative paths for carrier conduction. At low voltages, forward current density obeys an ohmic I-V relationship; at higher voltages, conduction is mostly due to a space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T10:44:52Z","timestamp":1448448292000},"page":"21037-21049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Optical and Electrical Properties of TTF-MPcs (M = Cu, Zn) Interfaces for Optoelectronic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Vergara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Norte, Avenida Universidad An\u00e1huac 46, Col. Lomas An\u00e1huac, Huixquilucan 52786, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Leyva-Esqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Norte, Avenida Universidad An\u00e1huac 46, Col. Lomas An\u00e1huac, Huixquilucan 52786, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Alv\u00e1rez-Bada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Norte, Avenida Universidad An\u00e1huac 46, Col. Lomas An\u00e1huac, Huixquilucan 52786, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Garc\u00eda-Montalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico 04510, D.F., Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Rojas-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico 04510, D.F., Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, Apartado Postal 1-798, Quer\u00e9taro, Qro. 76001, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2008.06.009","article-title":"Flexible organic electronic devices: Materials, process and applications","volume":"152","author":"Logothetidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200512","article-title":"The impact of molecular orientation on the photovoltaic properties of a phthalocyanine\/fullerene heterojunction","volume":"22","author":"Rand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1139\/p05-065","article-title":"D.C. electrical and optical properties of vacuum-deposited organic semiconductor FePcCl thin films","volume":"83","author":"Rajesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(01)01345-1","article-title":"Junction properties of nickel phthalocyanine thin film devices utilizing indium injecting electrodes","volume":"398\u2013399","author":"Shafai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/00207219108921297","article-title":"Effects of annealing on the trap distribution of cobalt phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"70","author":"Gravano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/00207219308925813","article-title":"The interpretation of current density-voltage and activation energy measurements on freshly prepared and heat treated nickel phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"74","author":"Hassan","year":"1993","journal-title":"In. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13008","DOI":"10.1021\/ja803063b","article-title":"Electronic and optical properties of magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc) solid films studied by soft X-ray excited optical luminescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopies","volume":"130","author":"Peltekis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2010.09.015","article-title":"High speed responsive near infrared photodetector focusing on 808 nm radiation using hexadecafluoro-copper-phthalocyanine as the acceptor","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(02)00042-5","article-title":"Ab initio study of the electronic structure of nickel phthalocyanine-monolayer and bulk","volume":"129","author":"Bialek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030666m","article-title":"Tetrathiafulvalenes, oligoacenenes, and their buckministerfullerene derivatives: The brick and mortar of organic electronics","volume":"104","author":"Bendikov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9130","DOI":"10.1021\/jo020340y","article-title":"Synthesis of novel Phthalocyanine-Tetrathiafulvalene hybrids; intramolecular fluorescence quenching related to molecular geometry","volume":"67","author":"Farren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(00)00546-7","article-title":"Thin molecular films of neutral tetrathiafulvalene-derivatives","volume":"218","author":"Molas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1039\/a701703k","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopy and electrochemistry of phthalocyanine derivatives functionalized with four and eight peripheral tetrathiafulvalene units","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Pekin Trans."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, M.J., Cooke, G., and Jafari-Fini, A. (1996). A liquid crystalline tetrathiafulvalenylphthalocyanine. Chem. Commun., 1925\u20131926.","DOI":"10.1039\/cc9960001925"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.19960080112","article-title":"Synthesis and aggregation of a phthalocyanine symmetrically-functionalized with eight tetrathiafulvalene units","volume":"8","author":"Blower","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.19970031018","article-title":"Synthesis of pyrazinoporphyrazine derivatives functionalised with tetrathiafulvalene (ttf) units: X-ray crystal structures of two related ttf cyclophanes and two bis(1,3-dithiole-2-thione) intermediates","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Grote, J.G., and Kaino, T. (2003, January 25). Preparation and nonlinear optical properties of phthalocyanine nanocrystals. Organic Photonic Materials and Devices V, Proceedings of the SPIE, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034318","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2434946","article-title":"Charge carrier transport in metal phthalocyanine based disordered thin films","volume":"101","author":"Mahapatro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2005.06.003","article-title":"FTIR, TGA and DC electrical conductivity studies of phthalocyanine and its complexes","volume":"753","author":"Seoudi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2014.01.006","article-title":"Investigation of optical properties of annealed aluminum phthalocyanine derivatives thin films","volume":"75","author":"Rivera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2015.04.014","article-title":"Structural and optical properties of nanocrystalline aluminum phthalocyanine chloride thin films","volume":"38","author":"Solimana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00930a043","article-title":"An improved synthesis of tetrathiafulvalene","volume":"39","author":"Melby","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"398","article-title":"Optical properties of thermally evaporated tin-phthalocyanine dichloride thin films, SnPcCl2","volume":"334","author":"Asiri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(89)90267-8","article-title":"Spectroscopic and structural studies of scandium diphthalocyanine films","volume":"182","author":"Robinet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2004.08.016","article-title":"Dispersion studies and electronic transitions in nickel phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"37","author":"Darwish","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00838357","article-title":"Novel method to disperse ultrafine metal particles into polymer","volume":"10","author":"Noguchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2013.08.002","article-title":"Investigation of structural and optoelectronic properties of annealed nickel phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"17","author":"Neghabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015216","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/20\/01\/015216","article-title":"Optical absorption parameters of amorphous carbon films from Forouhi-Bloomer and Tauc-Lorentz models: A comparative study","volume":"20","author":"Laidani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217979205032632","article-title":"Optical properties of thermally evaporated metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) thin films","volume":"19","author":"Salam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2005.01.008","article-title":"Fourier-transform infrared and UV-vis spectroscopes of nickel phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"92","author":"Darwish","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2005.10.002","article-title":"Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopic studies of phthalocyanine and its complexes thin films","volume":"29","author":"Seoudi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-1098(97)00268-8","article-title":"On determining the optical gap associated with an amorphous semiconductor: A generalization of the Tauc model","volume":"104","author":"Lim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113525","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2817822","article-title":"The dependence of the Tauc and Cody optical gaps associated with hydrogenated amorphous silicon on the film thickness: \u03b1l experimental limitations and the impact of curvature in the Tauc and Cody plots","volume":"102","author":"Mok","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(02)01277-8","article-title":"Electrical and optical properties of some new synthesized ylides in thin films","volume":"138","author":"Leontie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7096585","article-title":"Optical absorption and visible photoluminescence from thin films of silicon phthalocyanine derivatives","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Adachi, S. (1999). Optical Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous Semiconductors: Materials and Fundamental Principle, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-396X(200010)181:2<569::AID-PSSA569>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"SCLC measurements in nickel phthalocyanine thin films","volume":"181","author":"Anthopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi (a)"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/20\/12\/19742\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:52:44Z","timestamp":1760215964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/20\/12\/19742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules201219742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules201219742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]}}}