{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:12:23Z","timestamp":1793052743418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Four antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) named Pin2[G], Pin2[14], P18K and FA1 were chemically synthesized and purified. The four peptides were evaluated in the presence of eight commercial antibiotics against four microorganisms of medical importance: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The commercial antibiotics used were amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, levofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and vancomycin. The best AMP against P. aeruginosa was the peptide FA1, and the best AMP against S. aureus was Pin2[G]. Both FA1 and Pin2[G] were efficient against E. coli, but they were not effective against K. pneumoniae. As K. pneumoniae was resistant to most of the commercial antibiotics, combinations of the AMPs FA1 and Pin2[G] were prepared with these antibiotics. According to the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, the best antimicrobial combinations were obtained with concomitant applications of mixtures of FA1 with levofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole. However, combinations of FA1 or Pin2[G] with other antibiotics showed that total inhibitory effect of the combinations were greater than the sum of the individual effects of either the antimicrobial peptide or the antibiotic. We also evaluated the stability of the AMPs. The AMP Pin2[G] manifested the best performance in saline buffer, in supernatants of bacterial growth and in human blood plasma. Nevertheless, all AMPs were cleaved using endoproteolytic enzymes. These data show advantages and disadvantages of AMPs for potential clinical treatments of bacterial infections, using them in conjunction with commercial antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21020225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T22:19:47Z","timestamp":1455833987000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity and Stability of Short and Long Based Arachnid Synthetic Peptides in the Presence of Commercial Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Arenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elba","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Walls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorios Liomont SA de CV, Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos 68, Cuajimalpa, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, M\u00e9xico City 05000,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica, Av. Universidad 655, Santa Mar\u00eda Ahuacatitl\u00e1n, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorios Liomont SA de CV, Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos 68, Cuajimalpa, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, M\u00e9xico City 05000,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Corzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0059-9_26","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: The pandemic","volume":"531","author":"Verhoef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22507","article-title":"New antibiotic agents in the pipeline and how they can help overcome microbial resistance","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.87","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides from arachnid venoms and their microbicidal activity in the presence of commercial antibiotics","volume":"66","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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