{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:11:37Z","timestamp":1787987497158,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Health &amp; Welfare &amp; Family Affairs, Republic of Korea","award":["HI13C0530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI13C0530"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brain, gut, and adipose tissue interact to control metabolic pathways, and impairment in the brain-gut-adipose axis can lead to metabolic disorders, including obesity. Chowiseungcheng-tang (CST), a herbal formulation, is frequently used to treat metabolic disorders. Here, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of CST and its link with brain-gut-adipose axis using C57BL\/6J mice as a model. The animals were provided with a normal research diet (NRD) or high-fat diet (HFD) in absence or presence of CST or orlistat (ORL) for 12 weeks. CST had a significant anti-obesity effect on a number of vital metabolic and obesity-related parameters in HFD-fed mice. CST significantly decreased the expression levels of genes encoding obesity-promoting neuropeptides (agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y), and increased the mRNA levels of obesity-suppressing neuropeptides (proopiomelanocortin, cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript) in the hypothalamus. CST also effectively decreased the expression level of gene encoding obesity-promoting adipokine (retinol-binding protein-4) and increased the mRNA level of obesity-suppressing adipokine (adiponectin) in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Additionally, CST altered the gut microbial composition in HFD groups, a phenomenon strongly associated with key metabolic parameters, neuropeptides, and adipokines. Our findings reveal that the anti-obesity impact of CST is mediated through modulation of metabolism-related neuropeptides, adipokines, and gut microbial composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T10:05:56Z","timestamp":1478858756000},"page":"1522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["CST, an Herbal Formula, Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects through Brain-Gut-Adipose Tissue Axis Modulation in High-Fat Diet Fed Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"AbuZar","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814-Siksa-dong, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shambhunath","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NosQuest, 463-400 USPACE 1A-1103, Daewang Pangyoro 660, Bundanggu, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggi-do 13494, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Institute for Medical Device Clinical Trials, College of Medicine, Korea University, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2034-7429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814-Siksa-dong, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Kyung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 22318, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Gyu","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyunghee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814-Siksa-dong, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613516981","article-title":"\u201cObesity is a disease\u201d examining the self-regulatory impact of this public-health message","volume":"25","author":"Hoyt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. 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