{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T23:07:51Z","timestamp":1786662471495,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]],"date-time":"2016-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zabofloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone agent that has potent activity against gram-positive pathogens. In this study, we confirmed that zabofloxacin showed the most potent in vitro and in vivo activities against drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among the fluoroquinolone compounds, zabofloxacin showed the most potent in vitro activity against clinical isolates of penicillin-sensitive S. pneumoniae (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC90: 0.03 mg\/L) and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (MIC90: 0.03 mg\/L). Against quinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae, zabofloxacin (MIC90: 1 mg\/L) was more active than ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and moxifloxacin; however, its activity was the same as that of gemifloxacin. The in vivo activity of zabofloxacin was most potent among the quinolone compounds tested against the systemic infection and respiratory tract infection models in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]],"date-time":"2016-11-17T10:11:30Z","timestamp":1479377490000},"page":"1562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Zabofloxacin against Clinically Isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hee-Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong-ro, Buk-gu, Pohang 37554, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Shin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong-ro, Buk-gu, Pohang 37554, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Rack","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dong Wha Pharm., Ind. Co. Ltd., Anyang 31041, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hwan","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Handong Global University, 558 Handong-ro, Buk-gu, Pohang 37554, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03190.x","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae: Still a major pathogen","volume":"16","author":"Varon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1145","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance worldwide: Causes, challenges and responses","volume":"10","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu497","article-title":"Previous antibiotic exposure and antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal disease: Results from prospective surveillance","volume":"59","author":"Kuster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767160-00005","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections: Current and future therapeutic options","volume":"67","author":"Reinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01407-05","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of DW-224a, a new fluoronaphthyridone","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl304","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo activities of DW-224a, a novel fluoroquinolone antibiotic agent","volume":"58","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.019","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing invasive disease: Special focus on zabofloxacin","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00153-06","article-title":"Antipneumococcal activity of DW-224a, a new quinolone, compared to those of eight other agents","volume":"50","author":"Credito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01644-07","article-title":"The efflux Pump Inhibitor Reserpine Selects Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains That Overexpress the ABC transporters PatA and PatB","volume":"52","author":"Garvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.05.010","article-title":"Zabofloxacin (DW-224a) activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae including quinolone-resistant strains","volume":"62","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0150-4","article-title":"Chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of novel quinolone agents represented by avarofloxacin, delafloxacin, finafloxacin, zabofloxacin and nemonoxacin","volume":"15","author":"Kocsis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microb. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl144","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of DW-224a, a new fluoroquinolone, against Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.02.022","article-title":"DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are dual targets of zabofloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.825591","article-title":"Comparison of pharmacokinetics between new quinolone antibiotics: The zabofloxacin hydrochloride capsule and the zabofloxacin aspartate tablet","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2013). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Twenty-Third Informational Supplement M100-S23, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.2032","article-title":"Prevalence of a putative efflux mechanism among fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"42","author":"Brenwald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.04.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of dw286 against Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (1999). Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents: Approved Guideline M26-A, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bliss, C.I. (1952). The Statistics of Bioassay, Academic Press, Inc."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/21\/11\/1562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:35:49Z","timestamp":1760211349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/21\/11\/1562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules21111562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules21111562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]]}}}