{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:19:36Z","timestamp":1790025576747,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,12]],"date-time":"2017-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the centuries, infectious diseases caused by viruses have seriously threatened human health globally. Viruses are responsible not only for acute infections but also many chronic infectious diseases. To prevent diseases caused by viruses, the discovery of effective antiviral drugs, in addition to vaccine development, is important. Green tea catechins (GTCs) are polyphenolic compounds from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. In recent decades, GTCs have been reported to provide various health benefits against numerous diseases. Studies have shown that GTCs, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have antiviral effects against diverse viruses. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments regarding the antiviral activities of GTCs, to discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects and to offer suggestions for future research directions and perspectives on the antiviral effects of EGCG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22081337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T10:23:12Z","timestamp":1502706192000},"page":"1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["A Review of the Antiviral Role of Green Tea Catechins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9255-0434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-5-13","article-title":"Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review","volume":"5","author":"Chacko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.S., and Wang, H. (2016). Cancer preventive activities of tea catechins. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21121679"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.11.017","article-title":"Green tea: A promising natural product in oral health","volume":"57","author":"Narotzki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.06.026","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections and cancer: Synergy between viral and host factors","volume":"21","author":"Schinzari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12735","article-title":"Systemic multi-organ involvement in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.5","article-title":"HIV reservoirs: What, where and how to target them","volume":"14","author":"Churchill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666161123091010","article-title":"Anti-influenza virus effects of catechins: A molecular and clinical review","volume":"23","author":"Ide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200204120-00020","article-title":"Polyphenolic antioxidant (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea as a candidate anti-HIV agent","volume":"16","author":"Fassina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.11.011","article-title":"Green tea extract and its major component epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus in vitro","volume":"78","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24803","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a new inhibitor of hepatitis C virus entry","volume":"55","author":"Calland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02978215","article-title":"Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Lyu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-015-1085-5","article-title":"Avian reovirus S1133-induced apoptosis is associated with Bip\/GRP79-mediated Bim translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020938","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of the synthetic epigallocatechin gallate analog-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) palmitate against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, N.A., and Jusoh, S.A. (2016). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies to predict flavonoid binding on the surface of DENV2 E protein. Interdiscip. Sci. Comput. Life Sci., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12539-016-0157-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.11.001","article-title":"The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate inhibits chikungunya virus infection","volume":"113","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.06.012","article-title":"The green tea molecule EGCG inhibits Zika virus entry","volume":"496","author":"Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"79","article-title":"New paradigms in hepatitis B management: Only diamonds are forever","volume":"116","author":"Coffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.10.4199","article-title":"Preventive effects of a major component of green tea, epigallocathechin-3-gallate, on hepatitis-B virus DNA replication","volume":"16","author":"Karamese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1300307","article-title":"Green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, possesses the antiviral activity necessary to fight against the hepatitis B virus replication in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Uni. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i11.1507","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits HBV DNA synthesis in a viral replication-inducible cell line","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-016-0980-6","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus via farnesoid X receptor alpha","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.09.009","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits entry of hepatitis B virus into hepatocytes","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1770","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.136","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate opposes HBV-induced incomplete autophagy by enhancing lysosomal acidification, which is unfavorable for HBV replication","volume":"6","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00825-07","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate inactivates clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus","volume":"52","author":"Isaacs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5646","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05531-11","article-title":"Digallate dimers of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin gallate inactivate herpes simplex virus","volume":"55","author":"Isaacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2174\/187152812803251033","article-title":"A proprietary topical preparation containing EGCG-stearate and glycerin with inhibitory effects on herpes simplex virus: Case study","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.006","article-title":"Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the modified green tea polyphenol palmitoyl-epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"52","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00896-14","article-title":"A small molecule inhibits virion attachment to heparan sulfate- or sialic acid-containing glycans","volume":"88","author":"Colpitts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"393","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate interferes with EBV-encoding AP-1 signal transduction pathway","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi (Chin. J. Oncol.)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.12.104","article-title":"EGCG debilitates the persistence of EBV latency by reducing the DNA binding potency of nuclear antigen 1","volume":"417","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs364","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus spontaneous lytic infection involves ERK1\/2 and PI3-K\/Akt signaling in EBV-positive cells","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00212-7","article-title":"Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins","volume":"58","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00463a029","article-title":"Differential inhibitory effects of some catechin derivatives on the activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and cellular deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid polymerases","volume":"29","author":"Nakane","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"163","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of polyphenolic catechins from Chinese green tea on HIV reverse transcriptase activity","volume":"1","author":"Chang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1774","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits the HIV reverse transcription step","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00189-9","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin gallate on the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)","volume":"53","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.02.012","article-title":"Theaflavin derivatives in black tea and catechin derivatives in green tea inhibit HIV-1 entry by targeting gp41","volume":"1723","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0550762","article-title":"How can (\u2212)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection? Mechanistic insights from computational modeling and the implication for rational design of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors","volume":"110","author":"Hamza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.08.016","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate, the main polyphenol in green tea, binds to the T-cell receptor, CD4: Potential for HIV-1 therapy","volume":"118","author":"Williamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.12.024","article-title":"Preclinical development of the green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, as an HIV-1 therapy","volume":"123","author":"Nance","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.09.057","article-title":"EGCG mitigates neurotoxicity mediated by HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat in the presence of IFN-gamma: Role of JAK\/STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia","volume":"1123","author":"Giunta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"72","article-title":"Green Tea-EGCG reduces GFAP associated neuronal loss in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice","volume":"1","author":"Rrapo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trans. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9033","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811827106","article-title":"The main green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate counteracts semen-mediated enhancement of HIV infection","volume":"106","author":"Hauber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-9-2","article-title":"Assessment of the range of the HIV-1 infectivity enhancing effect of individual human semen specimen and the range of inhibition by EGCG","volume":"9","author":"Hartjen","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24610","article-title":"The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits hepatitis C virus entry","volume":"54","author":"Ciesek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00251","article-title":"A cell-based, microplate colorimetric screen identifies 7,8-benzoflavone and green tea gallate catechins as inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus","volume":"35","author":"Fukazawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1304-0","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the replication cycle of hepatitis C virus","volume":"157","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10053","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01473-15","article-title":"Polyphenols inhibit hepatitis C virus entry by a new mechanism of action","volume":"89","author":"Calland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.T., Wu, Y.H., Tseng, C.K., Lin, C.K., Chen, W.C., Hsu, Y.C., and Lee, J.C. (2013). Green tea phenolic epicatechins inhibit hepatitis C virus replication via cycloxygenase-2 and attenuate virus-induced inflammation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054466"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-71-17089P","article-title":"Inhibition of multiplication of influenza virus by extracts of tea","volume":"71","author":"Green","year":"1949","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(93)90008-7","article-title":"Inhibition of the infectivity of influenza virus by tea polyphenols","volume":"21","author":"Nakayama","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02724.x","article-title":"Additional inhibitory effect of tea extract on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells","volume":"46","author":"Imanishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.06.010","article-title":"Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus","volume":"68","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.12.011","article-title":"Comparison of in vitro antiviral activity of tea polyphenols against influenza A and B viruses and structure-activity relationship analysis","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3180a6f9c2","article-title":"Preclinical in vitro activity of QR-435 against influenza A virus as a virucide and in paper masks for prevention of viral transmission","volume":"14","author":"Oxford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3180a7206e","article-title":"In vivo prophylactic activity of QR-435 against H3N2 influenza virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Oxford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.02.020","article-title":"Enhanced anti-influenza A virus activity of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate fatty acid monoester derivatives: Effect of alkyl chain length","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorgan. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520330201","article-title":"Effects of a nutrient mixture on infectious properties of the highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza virus A\/H5N1","volume":"33","author":"Deryabin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.12.669","article-title":"Gargling with tea catechin extracts for the prevention of influenza infection in elderly nursing home residents: A prospective clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Yamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, K., Yamada, H., Takuma, N., Niino, H., and Sagesaka, Y.M. (2011). Effects of green tea catechins and theanine on preventing influenza infection among healthcare workers: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-15"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00857.x","article-title":"Green tea polyphenols induce apoptosis in vitro in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of adult T-cell leukemia patients","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.3.1219","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits tax-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappa B and of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 positive leukemia cells","volume":"15","author":"Harakeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.44.181","article-title":"Inhibition of rotavirus and enterovirus infections by tea extracts","volume":"44","author":"Mukoyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6140","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901128u","article-title":"Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71","volume":"57","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.07.004","article-title":"HSPA5 is an essential host factor for Ebola virus infection","volume":"109","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.09.017","article-title":"Inhibition of SERPINe1 reduces rhabdoviral infections in zebrafish","volume":"47","author":"Estepa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2751-9","article-title":"Identification of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a potential agent for blocking infection by grass carp reovirus","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12785","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus keratitis: An update of the pathogenesis and current treatment with oral and topical antiviral agents","volume":"44","author":"Tsatsos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2015.04.014","article-title":"Acute herpesviridae hepatitis during pregnancy: A review","volume":"44","author":"Dochez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb08151.x","article-title":"The implications of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis\u2014A review","volume":"169","author":"Munch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1786","article-title":"Modes of infection and oncogenesis by the Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"24","author":"Murata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183","article-title":"Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Chermann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.10.003","article-title":"EGCG prevents PCB-126-induced endothelial cell inflammation via epigenetic modifications of NF-\u03baB target genes in human endothelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2017, July 17). HIV\/AIDS Fact Sheet from WHO. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs360\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Ghosn, J.P.R., Chaillon, A., Boilet, V., N\u00e9r\u00e9, M-L., Delobel, P., Lutch, F., Bouchaud, O., Molinal, J-M., Chaix, M-L., and Delaugerre, C. (2017, January 23\u201326). Viral rebound in semen after treatment interruption in a HIV therapeutic vaccine double-blind trial (VRI02\/ANRS149-LIGHT). Proceedings of the 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-012-0122-1","article-title":"Catechins protect neurons against mitochondrial toxins and HIV proteins via activation of the BDNF pathway","volume":"18","author":"Nath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"84","article-title":"Semen-derived enhancer of viral infection\u2014A key factor in sexual transmission of HIV","volume":"28","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2017, July 17). Hepatitis C Fact Sheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs164\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.10.009","article-title":"Limited sampling estimates of epigallocatechin gallate exposures in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with hepatitis C after single oral doses of green tea extract","volume":"34","author":"Kraft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2007.03.041","article-title":"Concise synthesis of dideoxy-epigallocatechin gallate (DO-EGCG) and evaluation of its anti-influenza virus activity","volume":"17","author":"Furuta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520310101","article-title":"Suppression of influenza A virus nuclear antigen production and neuraminidase activity by a nutrient mixture containing ascorbic acid, green tea extract and amino acids","volume":"31","author":"Jariwalla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520330106","article-title":"Inhibition of cellular invasive parameters in influenza A virus-infected MDCK and Vero cells by a nutrient mixture","volume":"33","author":"Roomi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.007","article-title":"Insect-specific viruses and their potential impact on arbovirus transmission","volume":"15","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Arbovirus infections","volume":"21","author":"Beckham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0617","article-title":"The emergence of Zika virus: A narrative review","volume":"165","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxu048","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and Foxp3 expression: Viral strategy in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Miyazato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000207","article-title":"Treatment of adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma: Is the virus a target?","volume":"28","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"World Health Organizition (2017, July 17). Ebola Virus Disease. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs103\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.05.012","article-title":"Impact of molecular weight on the formation of electrosprayed chitosan microcapsules as delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds","volume":"150","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.98","article-title":"Structural characteristics for superoxide anion radical scavenging and productive activities of green tea polyphenols including proanthocyanidin dimers","volume":"58","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.06.021","article-title":"Structural characteristics of green tea catechins for formation of protein carbonyl in human serum albumin","volume":"18","author":"Ishii","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorgan. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700642104","article-title":"SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase inhibits p73-dependent apoptosis and expression of a subset of p53 target genes induced by EGCG","volume":"104","author":"Amin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-013-9681-8","article-title":"EGCG inhibit chemical reactivity of iron through forming an Ngal-EGCG-iron complex","volume":"26","author":"Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1011","article-title":"Resveratrol and EGCG bind directly and distinctively to miR-33a and miR-122 and modulate divergently their levels in hepatic cells","volume":"42","author":"Blade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-015-2801-3","article-title":"Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies reveal structural basis of inhibition and selectivity of inhibitors EGCG and OSU-03012 toward glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP78) overexpressed in glioblastoma","volume":"21","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.12.023","article-title":"NMR characterization of monomeric and oligomeric conformations of human calcitonin and its interaction with EGCG","volume":"416","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"625","article-title":"Methylation of green tea polyphenols affects their binding to and inhibitory poses of the proteasome \u03b25 subunit","volume":"18","author":"Daniel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2013.783601","article-title":"Methylated-(3\u2033)-epigallocatechin gallate analog suppresses tumor growth in Huh7 hepatoma cells via inhibition of angiogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1021\/jf300441p","article-title":"Peracetylated (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (AcEGCG) potently suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and colon tumorigenesis in mice","volume":"60","author":"Chiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00053","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activities of new acylated derivatives of epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"3","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070519f","article-title":"Design, semisynthesis, and evaluation of O-acyl derivatives of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as antitumor agents","volume":"55","author":"Vyas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2741\/e337","article-title":"Acylated catechin derivatives: Inhibitors of DNA polymerase and angiogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Mizushina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.06.033","article-title":"Antiglycation activity of lipophilized epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives","volume":"190","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201050j","article-title":"Lipophilized epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives as novel antioxidants","volume":"59","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12159","article-title":"Improvement of polyphenol properties upon glucosylation in a UV-induced skin cell ageing model","volume":"36","author":"Nadim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1021\/jf405157x","article-title":"Fabrication of epigallocatechin-3-gallate nanocarrier based on glycosylated casein: Stability and interaction mechanism","volume":"62","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, J., Hu, J.M., Huang, Y.W., Wu, X.Y., Zi, C.T., Wang, X.J., and Sheng, J. (2016). Synthesis and biological testing of novel glucosylated epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050620"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2013.788023","article-title":"Anticancer activities of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated nanoliposomes in MCF7 breast cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b00931","article-title":"Antioxidant nanocomplexes for delivery of epigallocatechin-3-gallate","volume":"64","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60500k","article-title":"Fabrication of coated bovine serum albumin (BSA)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanoparticles and their transport across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc17295j","article-title":"Nanochemoprevention by encapsulation of (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate with bioactive peptides\/chitosan nanoparticles for enhancement of its bioavailability","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528114666151022150122","article-title":"Compounds Derived from Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) as a Novel Approach to the Prevention of Viral Infections","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/8\/1337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:13Z","timestamp":1760208133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/8\/1337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,12]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules22081337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22081337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,12]]}}}