{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:10:48Z","timestamp":1781788248083,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]],"date-time":"2017-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["grant #2014\/05538-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant #2014\/05538-1"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and New Drugs","award":["CIBFar-FAPESP grant #2013\/07600-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBFar-FAPESP grant #2013\/07600-3"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)"},{"name":"National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial peptides can be used systemically, however, their susceptibility to proteases is a major obstacle in peptide-based therapeutic development. In the present study, the serum stability of p-BthTX-I (KKYRYHLKPFCKK) and (p-BthTX-I)2, a p-BthTX-I disulfide-linked dimer, were analyzed by mass spectrometry and analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antimicrobial activities were assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using cation-adjusted Mueller\u2013Hinton broth. Furthermore, biofilm eradication and time-kill kinetics were performed. Our results showed that p-BthTX-I and (p-BthTX-I)2 were completely degraded after 25 min. Mass spectrometry showed that the primary degradation product was a peptide that had lost four lysine residues on its C-terminus region (des-Lys12\/Lys13-(p-BthTX-I)2), which was stable after 24 h of incubation. The antibacterial activities of the peptides p-BthTX-I, (p-BthTX-I)2, and des-Lys12\/Lys13-(p-BthTX-I)2 were evaluated against a variety of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Des-Lys12\/Lys13-(p-BthTX-I)2 and (p-BthTX-I)2 degraded Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Additionally, both the peptides exhibited bactericidal activities against planktonic S. epidermidis in time-kill assays. The emergence of bacterial resistance to a variety of antibiotics used in clinics is the ultimate challenge for microbial infection control. Therefore, our results demonstrated that both peptides analyzed and the product of proteolysis obtained from (p-BthTX-I)2 are promising prototypes as novel drugs to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T11:39:38Z","timestamp":1509968378000},"page":"1898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of the Non-Cytotoxic Peptide (p-BthTX-I)2 and Its Serum Degradation Product against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norival","family":"Santos-Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara-SP 14800-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos-SP 13563-120, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Sgardioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos-SP 13563-120, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara-SP 14800-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Piccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara-SP 14800-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica de S\u00e3o Carlos, USP\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos-SP 13563-120, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tais","family":"Bauab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara-SP 14800-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Cilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara-SP 14800-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-0691.2004.1005.x","article-title":"Antibacterial drug discovery in the 21st century","volume":"10","author":"Bush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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