{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T19:58:19Z","timestamp":1770667099907,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,29]],"date-time":"2017-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteins and glycolipids have been found to be decorated with phosphorylcholine (PC) both in protozoa and nematodes that parasitize humans and animals. PC epitopes can provoke various effects on immune cells leading to an immunomodulation of the host\u2019s immune system that allows long-term persistence of the parasites. So far, only a limited number of PC-modified proteins, mainly from nematodes, have been identified. Infections caused by Leishmania spp. (e.g., L. infantum in southern Europe) affect about 12 million people worldwide and are characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical forms in humans, ranging from cutaneous to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. To establish and maintain the infection, these protozoa are dependent on the secretion of effector molecules into the host for modulating their immune system. In this project, we analyzed the PC modification of L. infantum promastigotes by 2D-gel based proteomics. Western blot analysis with the PC-specific antibody TEPC-15 revealed one PC-substituted protein in this organism, identified as eEF1\u03b1. We could demonstrate that the binding of eEF1\u03b1 to one of its downstream effectors is dependent on its PC-modification. In this study we provide evidence that in this parasite the modification of eEF1\u03b1 with PC may be essential for its function as an important virulence factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T03:15:15Z","timestamp":1512011715000},"page":"2094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1 Alpha (eEF1\u03b1) from the Parasite Leishmania infantum Is Modified with the Immunomodulatory Substituent Phosphorylcholine (PC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Timm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Annoscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University College of Pharmacy, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Lochnit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01180-3","article-title":"Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and the identification of virulence genes in the protozoan parasite Leishmania","volume":"6","author":"Beverley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03610.x","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: Immunology and prospects for a vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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