{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:08:24Z","timestamp":1788826104838,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]],"date-time":"2017-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radix Codonopsis has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for strengthening the immune system, improving poor gastrointestinal function, treating gastric ulcers and chronic gastritis and so on. In the present study, an inulin-type fructan CP-A was obtained from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. and its structure was confirmed by MS and NMR as (2 \u2192 1) linked-\u03b2-d-fructofuranose. The protective effects of CP-A against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer in rats were intensively investigated. A Lacy assay demonstrated that CP-A-treated group (50 mg\/kg) showed the gastric damage level 1, which was similar to the positive control group, while the model group exhibited the gastric damage level 3. The Guth assay demonstrated that the mucosa ulcer index for CP-A groups at the doses of 50 mg\/kg and 25 mg\/kg significantly decreased compared with that in the model group (p &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, CP-A significantly increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and decreased the contents of MDA and NO, and the activity of MPO in gastric tissue in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.05). The present research reported for the first time that inulin-type fructan CP-A were likely the potential component in Radix Codonopsis for treatment of acute gastric ulcers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T03:54:32Z","timestamp":1513655672000},"page":"2258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Structure Features and Anti-Gastric Ulcer Effects of Inulin-Type Fructan CP-A from the Roots of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5615-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiankuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengrong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingya","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-014-0861-9","article-title":"The genus Codonopsis (Campanulaceae): A review of phytochemistry, bioactivity and quality control","volume":"69","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2008.06.009","article-title":"Structural characterization of a water soluble polysaccharide from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula and its immunity activity","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.08.011","article-title":"Structure analysis of water-soluble polysaccharide CPPS3 isolated from Codonopsis pilosula","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.06.079","article-title":"Structural characterization and antitumor activity of a pectic polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.06.043","article-title":"The comparison of immune-enhancing activity of sulfated polysaccharidses from Tremella and Condonpsis pilosula","volume":"98","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.07.036","article-title":"Structural features and complement fixing activity of polysaccharidesfrom Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta L.T.Shen roots","volume":"113","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.12.023","article-title":"The comparison of antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CP) and sulfated CP","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.18.1.117","article-title":"Dietary fructans","volume":"18","author":"Roberfroid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"315","article-title":"Inulin-type prebiotics\u2014A review Part 1","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"36","article-title":"Inulin-type prebiotics\u2014A review Part 2","volume":"14","author":"Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313271","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota","volume":"66","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.053","article-title":"Isolation and prebiotic activity of inulin-type fructan extracted from Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen roots","volume":"80","author":"Caleffi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80133-X","article-title":"Topical aspirin HCl gastric lesions in the rat, cytoprotective effect of prostaglandin, cimetidine, and probanthine","volume":"76","author":"Guth","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.082","article-title":"Structural characterization and anti-tumor effects of an inulin-typefructan from Atractylodes chinensis","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.07.020","article-title":"NMR characterisation of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides as the major water-soluble carbohydrates from Matricaria maritima (L.)","volume":"339","author":"Cerantola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80198-4","article-title":"Microscopic analysis of ethanol damage to rat gastric mucosa after treatment with a prostaglandin","volume":"83","author":"Lacy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"491","article-title":"Peptic ulcers and their complications","volume":"29","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arab, H.H., Salama, S.A., Omar, H.A., Arafa, E.S.A., and Maghrabi, I.A. (2015). Diosmin Protects against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats: Novel Anti-Ulcer Actions. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122417"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.06.016","article-title":"Anti-ulcerogenic effect of cavidine against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer in mice and possible underlying mechanism","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S91247","article-title":"The gastroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Monolluma quadrangula against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"10","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707605","article-title":"Role of the NO\/cGMP\/KATP pathway in the protective effects of sildenafil against ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats","volume":"153","author":"Medeiros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101695","article-title":"Molecular targets of oxidative stress","volume":"434","author":"Avery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.01.028","article-title":"Malondialdehyde as biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking","volume":"380","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2007.06.040","article-title":"Effects of Onosma armeniacum root extract on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in stomach tissue of rats","volume":"170","author":"Cadirci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612013397645","article-title":"New issues about nitric oxide and its effects on the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-36","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of fluvoxamine in rats and its effect on oxidant and antioxidant parameters in stomach tissue","volume":"9","author":"Dursun","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19748","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201119654","article-title":"Shuidouchi (Fermented Soybean) Fermented in Different Vessels Attenuates HCl\/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury","volume":"20","author":"Suo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00237-3","article-title":"Contribution of NO synthases to neutrophil infiltration in the gastric mucosal lesions in rats with water immersion restraint stress","volume":"425","author":"Nishida","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000007506","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in pathogenesis of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats","volume":"59","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Digestion"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/12\/2258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:54:25Z","timestamp":1760208865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/22\/12\/2258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules22122258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22122258","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]}}}