{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:23:25Z","timestamp":1780633405884,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) is used in ethnomedicine as cicatrizant and for the treatment of gastric disorders. This study identified the chemical constituents of the aqueous extract of X. americana (XaAE) and evaluated its antiulcerogenic activity. After lyophilization, XaAE was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and its antiulcerogenic effect was evaluated in acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol, acidified ethanol, and indomethacin. Antisecretory action, mucus production and the participation of sulfhydryl groups (\u2013SH) and nitric oxide (NO) were also investigated. The chromatographic analysis identified procyanidins B and C and catechin\/epicatechin as major compounds. Oral administration of XaAE (100, 200 and 400 mg\/kg) inhibited the gastric lesions induced by ethanol (76.1%, 77.5% and 100%, respectively), acidified ethanol (44.9%, 80.6% and 94.9%, respectively) and indomethacin (56.4%, 52.7% and 64.9%, respectively). XaAE reduced gastric contents and acidity (51.4% and 67.7%, respectively) but did not alter the production of gastric mucus. The reduction of the -SH and NO groups promoted by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and N\u03c9-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) respectively, reduced the gastroprotective effect of XaAE. In conclusion, XaAE has gastroprotective activity mediated in part by -SH, NO and antisecretory activity. This antiulcer action was initially correlated to its major constituents, procyanidins B and C and catechin\/epicatechin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T14:00:08Z","timestamp":1515506408000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Contribution of Secondary Metabolites to the Gastroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) Stem Bark in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ticiana","family":"Arag\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina 56328-903, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lady","family":"Prazeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samara","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medication Technology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Rolim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central of Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina 56304-205, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina 56304-205, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germana","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almir","family":"Wanderley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20010929","article-title":"Review: Activity of alkaloids on peptic ulcer: What\u2019s new?","volume":"20","author":"Nascimento","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9099","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20059099","article-title":"Gaseous mediators nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in the mechanism of gastrointestinal integrity, protection and ulcer healing","volume":"20","author":"Magierowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6593073","article-title":"Spondias purpurea L. 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