{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T20:40:21Z","timestamp":1772656821294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Otitis media (OM) is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear (ME), regardless of cause or pathological mechanism. Among the molecular biological studies assessing the pathology of OM are investigations into the expression of C-type lectin receptors (CLR) in the ME and Eustachian tube (ET). To date, nine studies have evaluated CLR expression in the ME and ET. The expression of individual CLRs in mammalian ME and ET varies by species and model of OM. Assessments have shown that the patterns of CLR expression in the ME and ET vary; that CLR expression may vary by type of OM; and that the distribution and levels of expression of CLRs may depend on the presence or absence of inflammation, with variations even within the same species and same tissue. Infection of the ME and ET with various pathogens is a common cause of all types of OM, with host responses to pathogens mediated initially by the innate immune system. CLRs are important factors in the innate immune system because they act as both adhesion molecules and as pathogen recognition receptors. The expression of CLRs in OM tissues suggests that CLRs are associated with the pathogenesis of various types of OM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T14:39:31Z","timestamp":1521729571000},"page":"734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Expression, Distribution, and Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors in the Human and Animal Middle Ear and Eustachian Tube: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, BK-21, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"},{"name":"Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bluestone, C.D., Stool, S.E., and Alper, C.M. (2003). Otitis media and eustachian tube dysfunction. Pediatric Otolaryngology, Saunders. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.83","article-title":"Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: A prospective cohort study","volume":"160","author":"Teele","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1987.01860040063018","article-title":"Volumetric analysis of the tympanic isthmus in human temporal bones","volume":"113","author":"Ishii","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947708600407","article-title":"Pathogenesis of otits media","volume":"86","author":"Paparella","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894900990S606","article-title":"Otopathologic correlates of the continuum of otitis media","volume":"148","author":"Paparrella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000091472","article-title":"Practical use of MENSA in atelectatic ears and adhesive otitis media","volume":"68","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"ORL"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15495-0","article-title":"Otitis media","volume":"363","author":"Rovers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.65.2.247","article-title":"Cell-to-cell binding induced by different lectins","volume":"65","author":"Rutishauser","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew, B., Marshall, K., Calli, L., Li, C.L., Michael, Y., Corinne, S., Ashish, S., Anna, S.M., Reza, Z., and Damon, P.E. (2013). Lectin-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection via Soluble and Transmembrane C-type Lectin Receptors. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060838"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.03.003","article-title":"Virus glycosylation: Role in virulence and immune interactions","volume":"15","author":"Vigerust","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(98)01246-8","article-title":"Evolving views of protein glycosylation","volume":"23","author":"Drickamer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varki1, A., and Angata, T. (2006). Siglec\u2014The major subfamily of I-type lectins. Glycobiology, 16, 1R\u201327R.","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwj008"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guspa, G.S. (2012). Lectin: An overview. Animal Lectins: Form, Function and Clinical Applications, Springer. [2012th ed.]. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1065-2_1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.12.002","article-title":"Glycans in the Immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: A Critical Review","volume":"57","author":"Maverakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1112","article-title":"Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112691","article-title":"Interleukin-1a controls allergic sensitization to inhaled house dust mite via the epithelial release of GM-CSF and IL-33","volume":"209","author":"Willart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2013.6.4.195","article-title":"Decreased expression of TLR-9 and cytokines in the presence of bacteria in patients with otitis media with effusion","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.01.001","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and central nervous system repair","volume":"258","author":"Kigerl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.05.007","article-title":"Targeting C-type lectin receptors with multivalent carbohydrate ligands","volume":"65","author":"Lepenies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2015.06.003","article-title":"Recent insights into structures and functions of C-type lectins in the immune system","volume":"34","author":"Drickmaer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/nri723","article-title":"C-type lectin receptors on dendritic cells and Langerhans cells","volume":"2","author":"Figdor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Mannose binding lectin plays a crucial role in innate immunity against yeast by enhanced complement activation and enhanced uptake of polymorphonuclear cells","volume":"18","author":"Scharringa","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2016.1269196","article-title":"Expression of C-type lectin receptor mRNA in chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815587699","article-title":"Expression of Surfactant Protein-A during LPS-Induced Otitis Media with Effusion in Mice","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2013.878474","article-title":"Increased expression of Dec-205, Bcl-10, Tim-3, and Trem-1 mRNA in chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma","volume":"134","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.08.025","article-title":"C-type lectin receptors mRNA expression in patients with otitis media with effusion","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(00)00049-3","article-title":"Soluble L-selectin and interleukin-8 in otitis media with effusion","volume":"27","author":"Pospiech","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489409126057","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of soluble cell adhesion molecules in otitis media with effusion","volume":"114","author":"Himi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05984.x","article-title":"Mannan-binding protein-levels in plasma and upper-airways secretions and frequency of genotypes in children with recurrence of otitis media","volume":"94","author":"Garred","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535542","article-title":"Alloiococcus otitidis is a ligand for collectins and Toll-like receptor 2, and its phagocytosis is enhanced by collectins","volume":"36","author":"Konishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489609137941","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecules of experimental otits media in the rat","volume":"116","author":"Kamimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2012.00793.x","article-title":"Activity of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in centenarians","volume":"11","author":"Tomaiuolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.6.781","article-title":"C1q and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells","volume":"194","author":"Ogden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3220","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin-deficient mice display defective apoptotic cell clearance but no autoimmune phenotype","volume":"174","author":"Stuart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81199-0","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin binds to Ebola and Marburg envelope glycoproteins, resulting in blocking of virus interaction with DC-SIGN and complement-mediated virus neutralization","volume":"86","author":"Ji","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L871","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00241.2002","article-title":"Recombinant human SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins have different carbohydrate-binding characteristics","volume":"284","author":"Oberley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14543","DOI":"10.1021\/bi061338u","article-title":"Surfactant protein A without the interruption of Gly-X-Y repeats loses a kink of oligomeric structure and exhibits impaired phospholipid liposome aggregation ability","volume":"45","author":"Uemura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9284","article-title":"Surfactant protein A (SP-A) forms a novel supraquaternary structure in the form of fibers","volume":"250","author":"Palaniyar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8282","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.12.8282-8290.2005","article-title":"Noncapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae bearing mannose-containing O antigens is rapidly eradicated from mouse lung and triggers cytokine production by macrophages following opsonization with surfactant protein D","volume":"73","author":"Kostina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8565","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.16.8565-8572.2004","article-title":"Pulmonary collectins modulate strain-specific influenza a virus infection and host responses","volume":"78","author":"Hawgood","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20379","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201089200","article-title":"Human surfactant protein D (SP-D) binds Mycoplasma pneumoniae by high affinity interactions with lipids","volume":"277","author":"Chiba","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.14071.x","article-title":"A mannose-binding receptor is expressed on human keratinocytes and mediates killing of Candida albicans","volume":"117","author":"Szolnoky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.6.1021","article-title":"Endo180, an endocytic recycling glycoprotein related to the macrophage mannose receptor is expressed on fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages and functions as a lectin receptor","volume":"113","author":"Sheikh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7822","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.185025","article-title":"Fungal Recognition Enhances Mannose Receptor Shedding through Dectin-1 Engagement","volume":"286","author":"Umut","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.11.004","article-title":"Influence of the mannose receptor in host immune responses","volume":"214","author":"Gazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(98)80031-9","article-title":"The mannose receptor is a pattern recognition receptor involved in host defense","volume":"10","author":"Stahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(02)00319-7","article-title":"The mannose receptor family","volume":"1572","author":"East","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02512.x","article-title":"Altered expression and endocytic function of CD205 in human dendritic cells, and detection of a CD205-DCL-1 fusion protein upon dendritic cell maturation","volume":"120","author":"Butler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/375151a0","article-title":"The receptor DEC-205 expressed by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells is involved in antigen processing","volume":"375","author":"Jiang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.203","article-title":"Protein-glycan interactions in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021890","article-title":"Dectin-1 mediates the biological effects of \u03b2-glucans","volume":"197","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1206753","article-title":"The role of the \u03b2-glucan receptor Dectin-1 in control of fungal infection","volume":"82","author":"Dennehy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021787","article-title":"Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"197","author":"Gantner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041252","article-title":"The role of Syk\/CARD9 coupled C-type lectins in antifungal immunity","volume":"41","author":"Drummond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101352","article-title":"Signaling by myeloid C-type lectin receptors in immunity and homeostasis","volume":"30","author":"Sancho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805177106","article-title":"C-type lectin Mincle is an activating receptor for pathogenic fungus, Malassezia","volume":"106","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091750","article-title":"Direct recognition of the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle","volume":"206","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.03.012","article-title":"C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates Toll-like receptor signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of transcription factor NF-\u03baB","volume":"26","author":"Gringhuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.008","article-title":"F-actin is an evolutionarily conserved damage-associated molecular pattern recognized by DNGR-1, a receptor for dead cells","volume":"36","author":"Ahrens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4991","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.4991","article-title":"Cutting edge: Inflammatory responses can be triggered by TREM-1, a novel receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes","volume":"164","author":"Bouchon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6411","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.6411","article-title":"Tim-3, Cutting edge: T cell Ig mucin-3 reduces inflammatory heart disease by increasing CTLA-4 during innate immunity","volume":"176","author":"Nyland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26029","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513057200","article-title":"The IRAK-1-BCL10-MALT1-TRAF6-TAK1 cascade mediates signaling to NF-\u03baB from Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"281","author":"Dong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90393-D","article-title":"Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: Distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins","volume":"65","author":"Lawrence","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90337-9","article-title":"Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: The multistep paradigm","volume":"76","author":"Springer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90149-2","article-title":"Endothelial cell interactions with granulocytes: Tethering and signalling molecules","volume":"13","author":"Zimmaerman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.1.182.bloodjournal821182","article-title":"L-selectin mediates neutrophil rolling in inflamed venules through sialyl-Lewis-dependent and independent recognition pathways","volume":"82","author":"Chambers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.11.2381.2381","article-title":"Human neutrophils release the Leu-8 lymphnode receptor during cell activation","volume":"76","author":"Berg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.6.2259","article-title":"L-selectin-deficient mice have impaired leukocute recruitment into inflammatory sites","volume":"181","author":"Tedder","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2551036","article-title":"Neutrophil mac-1 and MEL-14 adhesion proteins inversely regulated by chemotactic factors","volume":"245","author":"Kishimoto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.119.1.229","article-title":"Soluble L-selectin is present in human plasma at high levels and retains functional activity","volume":"119","author":"Schleiffenbaum","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/349164a0","article-title":"Neutrophil influx into an inflammatory site inhibited by a soluble homing receptor-IgG chimaera","volume":"349","author":"Watson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1696029","article-title":"Prevention of activated neutrophil adhesion to endothelium by soluble adhesion protein GMP140","volume":"249","author":"Gamble","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230920","article-title":"Characterization of rat LECAM-1 (L-selectin) by the use of monoclonal antibodies and evidence for the presence of soluble LECAM-1 in rat sera","volume":"23","author":"Tamatani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.02.056","article-title":"Determination of the glycosylation-pattern of the middle ear mucosa in guinea pigs","volume":"484","author":"Engleder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199810000-00010","article-title":"Expression of glycoconjugates in human eustachian tubes with otitis media","volume":"108","author":"Sone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1994.1043","article-title":"Effect of intranasal inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae on the structure of the surface carbohydrates of the chinchilla eustachian tube and middle ear mucosa","volume":"16","author":"Linder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(92)90039-Q","article-title":"Changes in the structure of the cell surface carbohydrates of the chinchilla tubotympanum following Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced otitis media","volume":"13","author":"Linder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489109127698","article-title":"The relationship between proteases activity and glycoprotein levels in middle ear effusions from experimental otitis media in cats","volume":"483","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2011.03.008","article-title":"Bacterial adherence in otitis media: Determination of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues in the submucosal glands and surface epithelium of the normal and diseased Eustachian tube","volume":"51","author":"Kirkeby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.4.1572","article-title":"The animal lectin galectin-3 interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides via two independent sites","volume":"156","author":"Mey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.64.070195.000553","article-title":"Selectin-carbohydrate interactions and the initiation of the inflammatory response","volume":"64","author":"Lasky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4001928","article-title":"Involvement of sialic acid on endothelial cells in organ-specific lymphocyte recirculation","volume":"228","author":"Rosen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80654-3","article-title":"Bacterial lectins, cell-cell recognition and infectious disease","volume":"217","author":"Sharon","year":"1987","journal-title":"FEES Lett."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/4\/734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:58:08Z","timestamp":1760194688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/4\/734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23040734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23040734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]}}}