{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:23:01Z","timestamp":1792635781014,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Fund Project of the Education Department of  Shandong Province","award":["ZR2014JL052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2014JL052"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21372190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21372190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation triggers and accelerates the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Carthamus tinctorius L., a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (HSYA) is an active component of C. tinctorius. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HSYA could attenuate LPS-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation in primary mesencephalic cultures. Cell viability was measured by MTT and LDH assays. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neuron was observed by immunohistochemistry. NF-\u03baB p65 and iNOS expressions were evaluated with western blotting method. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 were determined by ELISA kits. Nitric oxide (NO) content in the culture medium was assayed. The results showed that HSYA treatment significantly attenuated the LPS-induced dopaminergic neurons damage. HSYA partially inhibited the expressions of NF-\u03baB p65 and iNOS. Furthermore, HSYA decreased the content of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1 and NO in the supernatants. Taken together, these results suggest that HSYA exerts protective effects on LPS-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons and the mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T04:07:30Z","timestamp":1526875650000},"page":"1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation in Primary Mesencephalic Cultures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3251","article-title":"Neuroinflammation\u2014A major cause for striatal dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"381","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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