{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:11:15Z","timestamp":1784801475994,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel chitosan microsphere for encapsulating pine cone polyphenols (PP) from P. koraiensis was successfully prepared using an emulsion crosslinking technique. The characteristics of pine polyphenol-loaded microspheres (PPM) were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a laser particle size detector. It was found that PPMs were spherical in shape with uniform particle size distribution patterns. The drug content and encapsulation rate of the microspheres were 7.47% and 73.6%, respectively, at a Ch\/GA mass ratio of 0.7. The animal experiments showed that PPM had a stronger radiation protective effect than PP. PPM significantly increased the immune organ indices, the quantity of marrow DNA, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the splenocyte proliferation index, and the phagocytosis activity of monocytes. PPM also decreased the numbers of micronuclei in bone marrow cells and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma in mice exposed to 60Co \u03b3-irradiation. In addition, gender differences in biological responses to exposure to radiation were observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T11:19:31Z","timestamp":1528456771000},"page":"1392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Protective Effects on 60Co-\u03b3 Radiation Damage of Pine Cone Polyphenols from Pinus koraiensis-Loaded Chitosan Microspheres In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sujuan","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe M.","family":"Regenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuilin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1262-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700253y","article-title":"Comparative antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of procyanidin fractions from grape and pine","volume":"20","author":"Ugartondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01235C","article-title":"Protective mechanisms of purified polyphenols from pinecones of Pinus koraiensis on spleen tissues in tumor-bearing S180 mice in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.024","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of fruit juices enriched with pine bark extract in an in vitro model of inflamed human intestinal epithelium: The effect of gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"53","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3625","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect of fruit juices enriched with Pycnogenol\u00c2 in colon carcinoma cells: The effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"25","author":"Canali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2007.07.002","article-title":"French maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol reduces thromboxane generation in blood from diabetic male rats","volume":"62","author":"Nocun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.0050","article-title":"In Vitro Study on the Antioxidant Activity of a Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Pinus brutia Bark and Its Fractions","volume":"16","author":"Cretu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4895","article-title":"A Natural Antioxidant Pine Bark Extract, Oligopin\u00ae, Regulates the Stress Chaperone HSPB1 in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells: A Proteomics Approach","volume":"27","author":"Poussard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.06.005","article-title":"Cancer chemopreventive effects of Pinus maritima bark extract on ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation-7,12,dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis of hairless mice","volume":"237","author":"Kyriazi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(99)00093-X","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and their role in oxidative processes in fruits","volume":"66","author":"Robards","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.6.1424","article-title":"Bitter taste, phytonutrients, and the consumer: A review","volume":"72","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2010.08.003","article-title":"Encapsulation of polyphenols\u2014A review","volume":"21","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"397","article-title":"Chitosan crosslinked microparticles with encapsulated polyphenols: Water sorption and release properties","volume":"39","author":"Bugarski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.12.053","article-title":"Microencapsulation of gallic acid in chitosan, \u03b2-cyclodextrin and xanthan","volume":"46","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Pispan, S. (2012). The Development of Encapsulated Probiotic Bacteria with Prebiotics Incorporated into Cereal Beverages. [Ph.D. Thesis, Loughborough University]."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"123","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-based Schiff Base Compounds with Aromatic Substituent Groups","volume":"20","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.06.111","article-title":"Microencapsulation of probiotic and prebiotic in alginate-chitosan capsules and its effect on viability under heat process in shrimp feeding","volume":"4","author":"Jantarathin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.759.92","article-title":"Preparation of Chitosan Antioxidant Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for Enhancing of Anti-Cancer Drug","volume":"759","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1021\/ac049519u","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube-Chitosan System for Electrochemical Sensing Based on Dehydrogenase Enzymes","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15931","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140815931","article-title":"Mechanisms of Radiation Toxicity in Transformed and Non-Transformed Cells","volume":"14","author":"Panganiban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"402","article-title":"ABTS radical scavenging activity of Pinus koraiensis polyphenols with fungus polysaccharides","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Beijing Linye Daxue Xuebao"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1870","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1870","article-title":"Pine polyphenols from Pinus koraiensis prevent injuries induced by gamma radiation in mice","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peerj"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00096-3","article-title":"A multiple emulsion method to entrap a lipophilic compound into chitosan microspheres","volume":"152","author":"Genta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)82721-9","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde as a fixative in bioprostheses and drug delivery matrices","volume":"17","author":"Jayakrishnan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.131","article-title":"Preparation optimization and protective effect on 60Co-\u03b3radiation damage of Pinus koraiensis pinecone polyphenols microspheres","volume":"113","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1039\/c1pp05224a","article-title":"Gender differences in UV-induced inflammation and immunosuppression in mice reveal male unresponsiveness to UVA radiation","volume":"11","author":"Reeve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12078","article-title":"Effects of a Mangifera indica L. stem bark extract and mangiferin on radiation-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cells","volume":"47","author":"Rodeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24459","article-title":"Polyphenols suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"114","author":"Yagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, U., Manna, K., Sinha, M., Datta, S., Das, D.K., Chakraborty, A., Ghosh, M., Saha, K.D., and Dey, S. (2014). Role of ferulic acid in the amelioration of ionizing radiation induced inflammation: A murine model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097599"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5897\/AJBR2014.0794","article-title":"Radiation protection and anti-oxidative effects of garlic, onion and ginger extracts, X-ray exposed albino rats as model for biochemical studies","volume":"8","author":"Nwachukwu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.05.053","article-title":"Chitosan microbeads for encapsulation of thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) polyphenols","volume":"111","author":"Bugarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Progress of anti-radiation effects of plant polyphenols","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.08.018","article-title":"Study on the synergistic effect for degradation of chitosan in solution by gamma Co-60 radiation and hydroperoxide","volume":"20","author":"Hien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"717","article-title":"Free-radical mechanism of chitosan radiation degradation and problems of the chemical antiradiation protection","volume":"47","author":"Pilipchatina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiatsionnaia Biol. Radioecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-406-3_19","article-title":"Analysis of the Mobility of DNA Double-Strand Break-Containing Chromosome Domains in Living Mammalian Cells","volume":"463","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"717","article-title":"Antagonistic effect of Radix Adenophoae Potanini Korsh Pol ysaccharides (RAPS) on genetic damage caused by (60)Co \u03b3-rays","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(77)90115-4","article-title":"The DNA content of micronuclei induced in mouse bone marrow by \u03b3-irradiation: Evidence that micronuclei arise from acentric chromosomal fragments","volume":"44","author":"Heddle","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"3263","article-title":"Protective action of plant polyphenols on radiation-induced chromatid breaks in cultured human cells","volume":"18","author":"Parshad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1515\/aiht-2016-67-2882","article-title":"Age and sex differences in genome damage between prepubertal and adult mice after exposure to ionising radiation","volume":"67","author":"Fucic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-013-0174-9","article-title":"Effect of polymerizable emulsifier and fluorine monomer on properties of self-crosslinking fluorinated polyacrylate soap-free latexes","volume":"20","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.091","article-title":"Cold-field fruit extracts exert different antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in vitro","volume":"129","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"117","article-title":"Oral Administration of Vitamin C, Cimetidine and Famotidine on Micronuclei Induced by Low Dose Radiation in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells","volume":"7","author":"Naeeji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.11.015","article-title":"Protective effect of flavonoids from Astragalus complanatus on radiation induced damages in mice","volume":"82","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.12.006","article-title":"Partial characterization and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from the stem of Dendrobium officinale (Tiepishihu) in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.071","article-title":"Study on Antitumor, Antioxidant and Immunoregulatory activities of the Purified Polyphenols from Pinecone of Pinus koraiensis on Tumor-bearing S180 mice in vivo","volume":"94","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/6\/1392\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:07:52Z","timestamp":1760195272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/6\/1392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23061392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23061392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]}}}