{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:37:31Z","timestamp":1761676651081,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta (PFA) are commonly used as a traditional medicine in Korea, Japan, and China. We previously showed that PFA attenuates eye fatigue by improving visual accommodation through a clinical study. However, detailed mechanisms and chemical compounds have not been studied. In this study, we analyzed the active compounds in an aqueous extract of PFA involved in ciliary muscle relaxation in vitro and in vivo. NMR and MS analyses showed that the PFA extract contained mainly luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide and apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide. The composition after freeze-drying and spray-drying was similar. Freeze-dried PFA (50 \u00b5g\/mL, 100 \u00b5g\/mL, and 200 \u00b5g\/mL) increased nitric oxide and cGMP levels in ciliary muscle cells isolated from the eyes of rats. [Ca2+]i decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Sprague-Dawley rats treated with freeze-dried PFA (200 mg\/kg, orally) showed significantly increased cGMP levels compared with the control group and irradiated with white light. Our results suggest that PFA extract has the potential to reduce eye fatigue by relaxing ciliary muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T02:10:11Z","timestamp":1532052611000},"page":"1777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Aqueous Extract of Perilla frutescens var. acuta Relaxes the Ciliary Smooth Muscle by Increasing NO\/cGMP Content In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jaeyong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huwon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hakjoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dooi-Ri","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sojeong","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seul-Gi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyeong-In","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and optic science Dong-Shin University, Naju 58245, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geun-Chang","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and optic science Dong-Shin University, Naju 58245, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chulyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2015.35.3.389","article-title":"Influence of Perilla frutescens var. acuta water extract on the shelf life and physicochemical qualities of cooked beef patties","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. 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