{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:04:28Z","timestamp":1784606668465,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, the safety of parabens as pharmaceutical preservatives is debated. Recent studies investigated their interference with the oestrogen receptors, nevertheless their carcinogenic activity was also proved. That was the reason why the re-evaluation of the biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of parabens is required using modern investigation methods. We aimed to test the cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial effect of parabens on Caco-2 cells, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Two complex systems (glycerol\u2014Polysorbate 20; ethanol\u2014Capryol PGMC\u2122) were formulated to study\u2014with the MTT-assay and microdilution method, respectively\u2014how other excipients may modify the biocompatibility and antimicrobial effect of parabens. In the case of cytotoxicity, the toxicity of these two systems was highly influenced by co-solvents and surfactants. The fungi and bacteria had significantly different resistance in the formulations and in some cases the excipients could highly modify the effectiveness of parabens both in an agonistic and in a counteractive way. These results indicate that with appropriate selection, non-preservative excipients can contribute to the antimicrobial safety of the products, thus they may decrease the required preservative concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T02:58:56Z","timestamp":1532401136000},"page":"1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Interaction between Different Pharmaceutical Excipients in Liquid Dosage Forms\u2014Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Nemes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e1t\u00f3","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fruzsina","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirtill","family":"Mez\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolett","family":"Poczok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Ujhelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gota","family":"Pet\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1lma","family":"Feh\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Fenyvesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"V\u00e1radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Vecserny\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"B\u00e1cskay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2017.08.004","article-title":"Blends of Non-caloric Sweeteners Saccharin and Cyclamate Show Reduced Off-Taste due to TAS2R Bitter Receptor Inhibition","volume":"24","author":"Behrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Chem. 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