{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:01:03Z","timestamp":1789138863620,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics, widely used in livestock breeding, enter the environment through animal manure because of incomplete absorption in animals, especially the farmland ecosystem. Therefore, antibiotics may be adsorbed by plants and even become hazardous to human health through the food chain. In this study, a simple, sensitive, and reliable method was developed for the simultaneous determination of eleven antibiotics, including four sulfonamides, two tetracyclines, three fluoroquinolones, tylosin, and chloramphenicol in different vegetable samples using SPE-HPLC-MS\/MS. Vegetable samples were extracted by acetonitrile added with hydrochloric acid (125:4, v\/v). The extracts were enriched by circumrotating evaporation, and then cleaned through SPE on a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge. All compounds were determined on a C18 reverse phase column through HPLC-MS\/MS. The mean recoveries of 11 antibiotics from spiked samples of vegetables ranged from 71.4% to 104.0%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.06\u20131.88 \u03bcg\/kg and 0.20\u20136.25 \u03bcg\/kg, respectively. The applicability of this technique demonstrated its good selectivity, high efficiency, and convenience by the analysis of 35 vegetable samples available from a vegetable greenhouse. Antibiotic residues in vegetables have aroused wide concern from the public. Therefore, standards should be established for antibiotic residues in vegetables to ensure food safety and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T03:44:18Z","timestamp":1533613458000},"page":"1953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Simple, Sensitive, and Reliable Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Antibiotics in Vegetables through SPE-HPLC-MS\/MS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory for Soil Molecular Ecology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage microorganisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Wang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory for Soil Molecular Ecology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5980-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Ming","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scion, Private Bag 29237, Christchurch 8440, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory for Soil Molecular Ecology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00280.x","article-title":"Antibiotic use in animal agriculture","volume":"83","author":"Gustafson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.11.035","article-title":"Environmental monitoring study of selected veterinary antibiotics in animal manure and soils in Austria","volume":"148","author":"Elena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (2014). Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00729","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China: Source analysis, multimedia modeling, and linkage to bacterial resistance","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.04.105","article-title":"Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multiclass method for the determination of antibiotics residues in water samples from water supply systems in food-producing animal farms","volume":"119","author":"Posyniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.02.080","article-title":"Acute toxicological effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida of 18 common pharmaceuticals in artificial soil","volume":"518\u2013519","author":"Pino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.05.023","article-title":"Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China","volume":"158","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2001.402","article-title":"Public health risks: Chemical and antibiotic residues","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(11)60150-8","article-title":"Negative effects of oxytetracycline on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, root activity, photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(11)60124-0","article-title":"Wheat growth and photosynthesis as affected by oxytetracycline as a soil contaminant","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"160","article-title":"Detection and presumptive identification of antibiotic residues in poultry meat by using FPT","volume":"8","author":"Karmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-0818-z","article-title":"Occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in Jiulongjiang River, South China","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2014.06.022","article-title":"Rapid detection of multiple class pharmaceuticals in both municipal wastewater and sludge with ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"876","article-title":"Determination of quinolones in vegetables using ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"176","article-title":"Determination of quinolones antibiotics in vegetable using high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Guangdong Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201700798","article-title":"Determination of multiple antibiotics in leafy vegetables using QuEChERS\u2013UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"513","article-title":"Determination of six sulfonamide antibiotics in vegetables by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"29","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, Y., and Liu, X. (2018). Determination of antibiotics in vegetables using quechers-based method and liquid chromatography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods, 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-018-1252-8"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.03.034","article-title":"Simultaneous extraction of tetracycline, macrolide and sulfonamide antibiotics from agricultural soils using pressurised liquid extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1038","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(03)00737-4","article-title":"Determination of antibiotics from soil by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1003","author":"Schlusener","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-0261-9","article-title":"Multi-component analysis of tetracyclines, sulfonamides and tylosin in swine manure by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"384","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1123.2013.03048","article-title":"Determination of antibiotic residues in manure by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-016-1414-5","article-title":"A simple and economic method for simultaneous determination of 11 antibiotics in manure by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2040(08)60120-6","article-title":"Multiresidue determination of sulfonamides, macrolides, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol in sewage sludge and sediment using ultrasonic extraction coupled with solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"37","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.09.015","article-title":"Determination of antibiotic substances in hospital sewage water using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry and group analogue internal standards","volume":"57","author":"Lindberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.02.041","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of 38 veterinary antibiotic residues in raw milk by UPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"181","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1355","article-title":"The challenges of developing a generic extraction procedure to analyze multiclass veterinary drug residues in milk and honey using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.05.004","article-title":"Determination of macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in meat and milk","volume":"21","author":"Juan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7452","DOI":"10.1021\/es0480217","article-title":"Sorption of three tetracyclines by several soils: Assessing the role of pH and cation exchange","volume":"39","author":"And","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.06.001","article-title":"Degradation of sulfamethoxazole using ozone and chlorine dioxide-Compound-specific stable isotope analysis, transformation product analysis and mechanistic aspects","volume":"122","author":"Willach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities (2002). Commission Decision 2002\/657\/EC Implementing Council Directive 96\/23\/EC Concerning the Performance of Analytical Methods and the Interpretation of Results, Commission of the European."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.09.056","article-title":"Effect of bound residues of metsulfuron-methyl in soil on rice growth","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.12.033","article-title":"An HPLC-ESI-MS method for simultaneous determination of fourteen metabolites of promethazine and caffeine and its application to pharmacokinetic study of the combination therapy against motion sickness","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/1953\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:16:44Z","timestamp":1760195804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/1953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23081953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23081953","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]}}}