{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:07:05Z","timestamp":1779163625208,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MINECO-17-BFU2016-79139-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MINECO-17-BFU2016-79139-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is an indole mainly synthesized from tryptophan in the pineal gland and secreted exclusively during the night in all the animals reported to date. While the pineal gland is the major source responsible for this night rise, it is not at all the exclusive production site and many other tissues and organs produce melatonin as well. Likewise, melatonin is not restricted to vertebrates, as its presence has been reported in almost all the phyla from protozoa to mammals. Melatonin displays a large set of functions including adaptation to light: dark cycles, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant enzyme modulation, immunomodulatory actions or differentiation\u2013proliferation regulatory effects, among others. However, in addition to those important functions, this evolutionary \u2018ancient\u2019 molecule still hides further tools with important cellular implications. The major goal of the present review is to discuss the data and experiments that have addressed the relationship between the indole and glucose. Classically, the pineal gland and a pinealectomy were associated with glucose homeostasis even before melatonin was chemically isolated. Numerous reports have provided the molecular components underlying the regulatory actions of melatonin on insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells, mainly involving membrane receptors MTNR1A\/B, which would be partially responsible for the circadian rhythmicity of insulin in the organism. More recently, a new line of evidence has shown that glucose transporters GLUT\/SLC2A are linked to melatonin uptake and its cellular internalization. Beside its binding to membrane receptors, melatonin transportation into the cytoplasm, required for its free radical scavenging abilities, still generates a great deal of debate. Thus, GLUT transporters might constitute at least one of the keys to explain the relationship between glucose and melatonin. These and other potential mechanisms responsible for such interaction are also discussed here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T10:52:01Z","timestamp":1533898321000},"page":"1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Mayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario Oncol\u00f3gico del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Aguado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Cernuda-Cernuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Artime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario Oncol\u00f3gico del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanesa","family":"Cepas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario Oncol\u00f3gico del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Quir\u00f3s-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario Oncol\u00f3gico del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hevia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario Oncol\u00f3gico del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3048-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"S\u00e1inz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario Oncol\u00f3gico del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060","article-title":"Isolation of melatonin, the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes","volume":"80","author":"Lerner","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)69351-2","article-title":"Isolation of melatonin and 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid from bovine pineal glands","volume":"235","author":"Lerner","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400230108","article-title":"Evidences associating pineal gland function with alterations in pigmentation","volume":"23","author":"McCord","year":"1917","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.131.3409.1312","article-title":"Enzymatic O-methylation of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin","volume":"131","author":"Axelrod","year":"1960","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1126\/science.142.3595.1071","article-title":"Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland: Control by light","volume":"142","author":"Wurtman","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-1-2-109","article-title":"The pineal and its hormones in the control of reproduction in mammals","volume":"1","author":"Reiter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3677.1609","article-title":"Pineal gland influence on gonads of male Hamsters","volume":"148","author":"Hoffman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.35.030173.001513","article-title":"Comparative Physiology: Pineal Gland","volume":"35","author":"Reiter","year":"1973","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1126\/science.160.3826.420","article-title":"Pineal gland: Influence on gonads of male rats treated with androgen 3 days after birth","volume":"160","author":"Reiter","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"266","article-title":"Role of the pineal gland and melatonin in seasonal reproductive function in mammals","volume":"8","author":"Arendt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Oxf. Rev. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)91045-X","article-title":"The influence of different light spectra on the suppression of pineal melatonin content in the Syrian hamster","volume":"294","author":"Brainard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11812.x","article-title":"Action Spectra, Dose-Response Relationships, and Temporal Aspects of Light\u2019s Effects on the Pineal Gland","volume":"453","author":"Reiter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-4-1295","article-title":"Age-associated reduction in nocturnal pineal melatonin levels in female rats","volume":"109","author":"Reiter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000179702","article-title":"Decreased serum and pineal concentrations of melatonin and N-acetylserotonin in aged male hamsters","volume":"17","author":"Pang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950140307","article-title":"The ageing pineal gland and its physiological consequences","volume":"14","author":"Reiter","year":"1992","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C153","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(91)90087-9","article-title":"Melatonin: The chemical expression of darkness","volume":"79","author":"Reiter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.6002","article-title":"Anti-aging effects of melatonin on the myocardial mitochondria of rats and associated mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odinokova, I., Baburina, Y., Kruglov, A., Fadeeva, I., Zvyagina, A., Sotnikova, L., Akatov, V., and Krestinina, O. (2018). Effect of melatonin on rat heart mitochondria in acute heart failure in aged rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061555"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00478.x","article-title":"The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin","volume":"14","author":"Maestroni","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4709-9_32","article-title":"Melatonin in cancer patients and in tumor-bearing animals","volume":"467","author":"Bartsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"52","article-title":"Light during darkness, melatonin suppression and cancer progression","volume":"23","author":"Blask","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"4432","article-title":"Melatonin Inhibition and Pinealectomy Enhancement of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced Mammary Tumors in the Rat","volume":"41","author":"Tamarkin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.12.020","article-title":"Melatonin enhances interleukin-10 expression and suppresses chemotaxis to inhibit inflammation in situ and reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"227","article-title":"Mammary carcinogenesis induced in Wistar:Han rats by the combination of ionizing radiation and dimethylbenz(a)anthracene: Prevention with melatonin","volume":"47","author":"Mocikova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-99-2-641","article-title":"Presence of melatonin in plasma and urine of pinealectomized rats","volume":"99","author":"Ozaki","year":"1976","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-91-1-247","article-title":"Hydroxyindole-O-Methyl Transferases in Rat Pineal, Retina and Harderian Gland","volume":"91","author":"Cardinali","year":"1972","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90938-X","article-title":"Immunohistological localization of N-acetylindolealkylamines in pineal gland, retina and cerebellum","volume":"81","author":"Bubenik","year":"1974","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/255344a0","article-title":"Melatonin may be synthesised in enterochromaffin cells","volume":"255","author":"Raikhlin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1177\/24.11.63506","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of melatonin in the rat Harderian gland","volume":"24","author":"Bubenik","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-40-2-347","article-title":"Melatonin radioimmunoassay","volume":"40","author":"Arendt","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(84)90466-4","article-title":"Iodinated melatonin: Preparation and characterization of the molecular structure by mass and 1H NMR spectroscopy","volume":"142","author":"Vakkuri","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1060152","article-title":"Development and validation of a melatonin radioimmunoassay using radioiodinated melatonin as tracer","volume":"106","author":"Vakkuri","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(86)80287-3","article-title":"Characterization of central melatonin receptors using 125I-melatonin","volume":"197","author":"Laudon","year":"1986","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(86)90627-8","article-title":"Characterization of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in hamster brain","volume":"132","author":"Duncan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(88)80599-4","article-title":"Iodinated melatonin mimics melatonin action and reveals discrete binding sites in fetal brain","volume":"228","author":"Weaver","year":"1988","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2845576","article-title":"Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock","volume":"242","author":"Reppert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.12.070","article-title":"Development and validation of new methods for the determination of melatonin and its oxidative metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, using multivariate optimization","volume":"1217","author":"Hevia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1579-2","article-title":"Extrapineal melatonin: Sources, regulation, and potential functions","volume":"71","author":"Escames","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i34.3888","article-title":"Distribution, function and physiological role of melatonin in the lower gut","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00848.x","article-title":"Melatonin stimulates glucagon secretion in vitro and in vivo","volume":"50","author":"Muhlbauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.10.025","article-title":"Melatonin: A Cutaneous Perspective on its Production, Metabolism, and Functions","volume":"138","author":"Slominski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2079rev","article-title":"The cutaneous serotoninergic\/melatoninergic system: Securing a place under the sun","volume":"19","author":"Slominski","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Lv, Y., Shi, Y., Li, T., Chen, Y., Zhao, D., and Zhao, Z. (2018). The Role of Phyto-Melatonin and Related Metabolites in Response to Stress. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081887"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01134354","article-title":"Pineal hormone melatonin oscillates also in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra","volume":"78","author":"Balzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"391","article-title":"Melatonin immunoreactivity in the photosynthetic prokaryote Rhodospirillum rubrum: Implications for an ancient antioxidant system","volume":"41","author":"Manchester","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"95","article-title":"Recent progress in understanding the temporal behavior of unicellular organisms","volume":"29","author":"Balzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00601.x","article-title":"Presence and effects of melatonin in Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"27","author":"Reiter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47239","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107222200","article-title":"Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Homolog of the Melatonin Rhythm Enzyme Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.87)","volume":"276","author":"Ganguly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90152-6","article-title":"Identification of melatonin in the compound eyes of an insect, the locust (Locusta migratoria), by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Pevet","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000109557","article-title":"Melatonin in the nemertine worm lineus lacteus: Identification and daily variations","volume":"3","author":"Arnoult","year":"1994","journal-title":"NeuroSignals"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00008-X","article-title":"Melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol (5-ML) in nervous and\/or neurosensory structures of a gastropod mollusc (Helix aspersa maxima): Synthesis and diurnal rhythms","volume":"131","author":"Blanc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"61","article-title":"Is melatonin an evolutionary conservative molecule involved in the transduction of photoperiodic information in all living organisms?","volume":"1","author":"Pevet","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanden Driessche, T., and Petiau-de Vries, G.M. (2000). Occurrence and comparative physiology of melatonin in evolutionary diverse organisms. The Redox State and Circadian Rhythms, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9556-8"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00136.x","article-title":"Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Dubbels","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"627","article-title":"Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates","volume":"35","author":"Hattori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err256","article-title":"Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science","volume":"63","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00118.x","article-title":"The changing biological roles of melatonin during evolution: From an antioxidant to signals of darkness, sexual selection and fitness","volume":"85","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru386","article-title":"Melatonin in plants and other phototrophs: Advances and gaps concerning the diversity of functions","volume":"66","author":"Hardeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12253","article-title":"Functions of melatonin in plants: A review","volume":"59","author":"Arnao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"373","article-title":"The universal nature, unequal distribution and antioxidant functions of melatonin and its derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Reiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(65)90202-X","article-title":"Retinal and pineal hydroxyindole-o-methyl transferase activity in vertebrates","volume":"4","author":"Quay","year":"1965","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(76)80092-X","article-title":"Melatonin and enterochromaffine cells","volume":"55","author":"Raikhlin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"199","article-title":"Extrapineal melatonin: Non-traditional localization and possible significance for oncology","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Maestroni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Advances in Pineal Research"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvetnoy, I.M., Kvetnaia, T.V., and Yuzhakov, V.V. (2001). Role of Extrapineal Melatonin and Related APUD Series Peptides in Malignancy. The Pineal Gland and Cancer, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59512-7_12"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01990173","article-title":"Immunohistological investigations of N-Acetylserotonin in the rat cerebellum after parachlorophenylalanine treatment","volume":"32","author":"Bubenik","year":"1976","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000122649","article-title":"Determination of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin activities in the pineal gland, retina, harderian gland, brain and serum of rats and chickens","volume":"23","author":"Pang","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(87)91569-5","article-title":"N-Acetyltransferase activity, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity, and melatonin levels in the Harderian glands of the female Syrian hamster: Changes during the light: Dark cycle and the effect of 6-parachlorophenylalanine administration","volume":"145","author":"Howes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1159\/000179137","article-title":"Localization of Melatonin in the Digestive Tract of the Rat","volume":"12","author":"Bubenik","year":"1980","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90246-7","article-title":"Melatonin and other serotonin derivatives in the guinea pig membranous cochlea","volume":"91","author":"Biesalski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00844-6","article-title":"Presence of the pineal hormone melatonin in rat cochlea: Its variations with lighting conditions","volume":"238","author":"Guerrero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2800727","article-title":"Melatonin biosynthesis and metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes","volume":"280 Pt 3","author":"Finocchiaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0601","article-title":"Detection of melatonin, its precursors and related enzyme activities in rabbit lens","volume":"68","author":"Abe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0952fje","article-title":"Serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems are fully expressed in human skin","volume":"16","author":"Slominski","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12281","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.21.12281","article-title":"Metabolism of serotonin to N-acetylserotonin, melatonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine in hamster skin culture","volume":"271","author":"Slominski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(95)00197-X","article-title":"Melatonin in the rat testis: Evidence for local synthesis","volume":"61","author":"Tijmes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/5.5.402","article-title":"Melatonin, its precursors, and synthesizing enzyme activities in the human ovary","volume":"5","author":"Itoh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(97)00206-2","article-title":"Detection of melatonin and serotonin N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities in rat ovary","volume":"136","author":"Itoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(99)00125-7","article-title":"Identification of highly elevated levels of melatonin in bone marrow: Its origin and significance","volume":"1472","author":"Tan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2000.280401.x","article-title":"Evidence for melatonin synthesis in mouse and human bone marrow cells","volume":"28","author":"Conti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0694fje","article-title":"Evidence of melatonin synthesis by human lymphocytes and its physiological significance: Possible role as intracrine, autocrine, and\/or paracrine substance","volume":"18","author":"Calvo","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00244.x","article-title":"Melatonin as a local regulator of human placental function","volume":"39","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.11.014","article-title":"Evidence of melatonin synthesis and release by mast cells. Possible modulatory role on inflammation","volume":"62","author":"Maldonado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00310.x","article-title":"Melatonin production in an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium: An evolutionarily early association with darkness","volume":"22","author":"Tilden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01387","article-title":"Melatonin-Producing Endophytic Bacteria from Grapevine Roots Promote the Abiotic Stress-Induced Production of Endogenous Melatonin in Their Hosts","volume":"7","author":"Jiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00560.x","article-title":"Metatonin in algae and higher plants\u2014Possible new roles as a phytohormone and antioxidant","volume":"109","author":"Balzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bot. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00106.x","article-title":"Detection and quantification of melatonin in a dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra: Solutions to the problem of methoxyindole destruction in non-vertebrate material","volume":"17","author":"Poeggeler","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.64.209","article-title":"Melatonin and Other 5-Methoxylated lndoles in Yeast: Presence in High Concentrations and Dependence on Tryptophan Availability","volume":"64","author":"Sprenger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytologia (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"521","article-title":"Induction of melatonin synthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis by hormonal imprinting\u2014A unicellular \u201cfactory\u201d of the indoleamine","volume":"49","author":"Vakkuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01418-3","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of melatonin-synthesizing enzyme activities and melatonin levels in planarians","volume":"830","author":"Itoh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00969.x","article-title":"Daily variation in melatonin synthesis and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"53","author":"Migliori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6815-x","article-title":"Neurotransmissional, structural, and conduction velocity changes in cerebral ganglions of Lumbricus terrestris on exposure to acrylamide","volume":"23","author":"Subaraja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02923.x","article-title":"Melatonin Biosynthesis in Drosophila: Its Nature and Its Effects","volume":"50","author":"Finocchiaro","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.280301.x","article-title":"A neuroendocrine releasing effect of melatonin in the brain of an insect, Periplaneta americana (L.)","volume":"28","author":"Richter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"377","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of melatonin in the brain of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer","volume":"14","author":"Wetterberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00642.x","article-title":"Presence of melatonin in Daphnia magna","volume":"46","author":"Markowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923945","article-title":"Melatonin: Presence and formation in invertebrates","volume":"49","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00347.x","article-title":"Melatonin cycle in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator and influence of melatonin on limb regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Tilden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2009.06.001","article-title":"Day-night and depth differences in haemolymph melatonin of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.)","volume":"56","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1414","article-title":"The circadian biology of the marbled crayfish","volume":"2","author":"Heinrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22405","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151222405","article-title":"Melatonin as a signaling molecule for metabolism regulation in response to hypoxia in the crab Neohelice granulata","volume":"15","author":"Maciel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00270","article-title":"The hyperglycemic effect of melatonin in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<243::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Melatonin in a primitive metazoan: Seasonal changes of levels and immunohistochemical visualization in neurons","volume":"387","author":"Mechawar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1994.1176","article-title":"Melatonin activity rhythms in eyes and cerebral ganglia of Aplysia californica","volume":"96","author":"Abran","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"59","article-title":"Melatonin: A potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12360","article-title":"Melatonin as an antioxidant: Under promises but over delivers","volume":"61","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13208","article-title":"Metabolism of melatonin in the skin: Why is it important?","volume":"26","author":"Slominski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc1950.40.Supplement_261","article-title":"The pinealocyte\u2014A paraneuron? A review","volume":"40","author":"Ueck","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1987.tb00840.x","article-title":"Pinealocyte Dense-Cored Vesicles and Synaptic Ribbons: A Correlative Ultrastructural-Biochemical Investigation in Rats and Mice","volume":"4","author":"McNulty","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249440","article-title":"Diurnal variations in number of Golgi-dense core vesicles in light pinealocytes of the rabbit","volume":"38","author":"Romijn","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00220973","article-title":"Circadian rhythm in the number of granulated vesicles in the pinealocytes of mice. Effects of sympathectomy and melatonin treatment","volume":"184","author":"Benson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"13","article-title":"Localization of indoleamine and protein synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland","volume":"13","author":"Kappers","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm.Suppl."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234787","article-title":"Pools of serotonin in the pineal gland of the mouse: The mammalian pinealocyte as a component of the diffuse neuroendocrine system","volume":"213","author":"Juillard","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10477","article-title":"Cellular lining of the sheep pineal recess studied by light-, transmission-, and scanning electron microscopy: Morphologic indications for a direct secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland to the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"456","author":"Tricoire","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00337.x","article-title":"The role of the intracellular and extracellular serotonin in the regulation of melatonin production in rat pinealocytes","volume":"23","author":"Miguez","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90020-5","article-title":"Extracellular serotonin promotes melatonin release from cultured rat pinealocytes: Evidence for an S2-type receptor-mediated autocrine feedback","volume":"643","author":"Olcese","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.1.117","article-title":"Synaptic-like microvesicles, synaptic vesicle counterparts in endocrine cells, are involved in a novel regulatory mechanism for the synthesis and secretion of hormones","volume":"203","author":"Moriyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00102.x","article-title":"High melatonin solubility in aqueous medium","volume":"16","author":"Shida","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.11.023","article-title":"Binding of glutathione and melatonin to human serum albumin: A comparative study","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.103.035527","article-title":"Free diffusion of steroid hormones across biomembranes: A simplex search with implicit solvent model calculations","volume":"87","author":"Oren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00180.x","article-title":"Permeability of pure lipid bilayers to melatonin","volume":"19","author":"Costa","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01178-2","article-title":"How melatonin interacts with lipid bilayers: A study by fluorescence and ESR spectroscopies","volume":"416","author":"Costa","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(01)00239-9","article-title":"Interaction of melatonin with model membranes and possible implications in its photoprotective activity","volume":"53","author":"Saija","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2004.12.009","article-title":"Melatonin strongly interacts with zwitterionic model membranes-evidence from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry","volume":"1668","author":"Severcan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.01.006","article-title":"The organization of melatonin in lipid membranes","volume":"1848","author":"Dies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00931.x","article-title":"Extrapineal melatonin: Analysis of its subcellular distribution and daily fluctuations","volume":"52","author":"Venegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.12.7672513","article-title":"Melatonin reduces kainate-induced lipid peroxidation in homogenates of different brain regions","volume":"9","author":"Melchiorri","year":"1995","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00447-X","article-title":"Melatonin prevents changes in microsomal membrane fluidity during induced lipid peroxidation","volume":"408","author":"Reiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12128","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes: A review","volume":"56","author":"Tres","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201511526","article-title":"High membrane permeability for melatonin","volume":"147","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(78)90166-5","article-title":"Melatonin in the retina and the harderian gland. Ontogeny, diurnal variations and melatonin treatment","volume":"27","author":"Bubenik","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00281.x","article-title":"Melatonin counteracts inducible mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of septic mice","volume":"40","author":"Escames","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2616-8","article-title":"Melatonin transport into mitochondria","volume":"74","author":"Mayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2609-7","article-title":"Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: One of evolution\u2019s best ideas","volume":"74","author":"Reiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00581.x","article-title":"Melatonin uptake in prostate cancer cells: Intracellular transport versus simple passive diffusion","volume":"45","author":"Hevia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Hevia, D., Rodriguez-Garcia, A., Alonso-Gerv\u00f3s, M., Quir\u00f3s-Gonz\u00e1lez, I., Cimadevilla, H.M., G\u00f3mez-Cordov\u00e9s, C., Sainz, R.M., Mayo, J.C., Hevia, D., and Rodriguez-Garcia, A. (2017, June 13). Cell Volume and Geometric Parameters Determination in Living Cells Using Confocal Microscopy and 3D Reconstruction. Available online: http:\/\/www.nature.com\/protocolexchange\/protocols\/2264%0Ahttp:\/\/www.nature.com\/protocolexchange\/protocols\/2264#\/anticipated_results."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12210","article-title":"Melatonin uptake through glucose transporters: A new target for melatonin inhibition of cancer","volume":"58","author":"Hevia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13306","article-title":"Crystal structure of the human glucose transporter GLUT1","volume":"510","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18982","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.30.18982","article-title":"Glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 transport dehydroascorbic acid","volume":"272","author":"Rumsey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.01.042","article-title":"Erythrocyte Glut1 triggers dehydroascorbic acid uptake in mammals unable to synthesize vitamin C","volume":"132","author":"Kinet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12390","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12390","article-title":"Human transporters, PEPT1\/2, facilitate melatonin transportation into mitochondria of cancer cells: An implication of the therapeutic potential","volume":"62","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(95)00208-1","article-title":"Sequence, tissue distribution and developmental changes in rat intestinal oligopeptide transporter","volume":"1305","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Struct. Exp."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808394200","article-title":"Night\/day changes in pineal expression of >600 genes: Central role of adrenergic\/cAMP signaling","volume":"284","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"612","article-title":"Existence of a hypoglycemic pineal hormone synergistic with insulin","volume":"18","author":"Milcou","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00445.x","article-title":"Short-term fasting inhibits the nocturnal melatonin secretion in healthy man","volume":"30","author":"Wetterberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000180645","article-title":"Influence of short-term fasting on the pituitary-testicular axis in normal men","volume":"25","year":"1987","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(92)90294-K","article-title":"Effect of short-term fasting on nocturnal melatonin secretion in obesity","volume":"41","author":"Wetterberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249879","article-title":"The effects of a number of short-term exogenous stimuli on pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity in rats","volume":"59","author":"Welker","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00612.x","article-title":"Increased melatonin synthesis in pineal glands of rats in streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Peschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7416","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6756","article-title":"Early-stage retinal melatonin synthesis impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats","volume":"52","author":"Peres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00287.x","article-title":"Diabetic Goto Kakizaki rats as well as type 2 diabetic patients show a decreased diurnal serum melatonin level and an increased pancreatic melatonin-receptor status","volume":"40","author":"Peschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.08.004","article-title":"Pineal melatonin synthesis is decreased in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats","volume":"85","author":"Frese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.06.005","article-title":"Daily profile in two circadian markers \u201cmelatonin and cortisol\u201d and associations with metabolic syndrome components","volume":"123","author":"Madrid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-008-9066-x","article-title":"Effect of a high-fat diet on 24-h pattern of circulating levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and glucose, and pineal melatonin content, in rats","volume":"33","author":"Cano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"235","article-title":"Diurnal rhythms in plasma glucose, insulin, growth hormone and melatonin levels in fasted and hyperglycaemic rats","volume":"24","author":"Double","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14046981","article-title":"Melatonin and pancreatic islets: Interrelationships between melatonin, insulin and glucagon","volume":"14","author":"Peschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00519.x","article-title":"Melatonin, endocrine pancreas and diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Peschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4841","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612819666131119101032","article-title":"Melatonin and Glucose Metabolism: Clinical Relevance","volume":"20","author":"Lardone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.03.005","article-title":"Circadian System and Glucose Metabolism: Implications for Physiology and Disease","volume":"27","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000178615","article-title":"Melatonin inhibition of insulin secretion in the rat and mouse","volume":"5","author":"Bailey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1092754","article-title":"Effects of Pinealectomy and Pineal Incubation Medium and Sonicates on Insulin Release by Isolated Pancreatic Islets In Vitro","volume":"11","author":"Gorray","year":"1979","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1012279","article-title":"Effect of pinealectomy on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels in the rat","volume":"18","author":"Diaz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"E934","article-title":"Pinealectomy causes glucose intolerance and decreases adipose cell responsiveness to insulin in rats","volume":"275","author":"Lima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(83)90314-6","article-title":"Experimentally-induced diabetes reduces nocturnal pineal melatonin content in the Syrian hamster","volume":"76","author":"Champney","year":"1983","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00859.x","article-title":"Distribution of melatonin receptors in murine pancreatic islets","volume":"50","author":"Nagorny","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00898.x","article-title":"Melatonin inhibits insulin secretion in rat insulinoma \u03b2-cells (INS-1) heterologously expressing the human melatonin receptor isoform MT2","volume":"51","author":"Albrecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12135","article-title":"Calcium-signaling components in rat insulinoma \u00df-cells (INS-1) and pancreatic islets are differentially influenced by melatonin","volume":"56","author":"Albrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.08.012","article-title":"Melatonin receptors in diabetes: A potential new therapeutical target?","volume":"744","author":"She","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12206","article-title":"Melatonin influences somatostatin secretion from human pancreatic \u03b4-cells via MT1 and MT2 receptors","volume":"58","author":"Zibolka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00593.x","article-title":"Involvement of the cGMP pathway in mediating the insulin-inhibitory effect of melatonin in pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"45","author":"Stumpf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00297.x","article-title":"Parallel signaling pathways of melatonin in the pancreatic \u03b2-cell","volume":"40","author":"Peschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"955","article-title":"Melatonin exerts an inhibitory effect on insulin gene transcription via MTNR1B and the downstream Raf-1\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.502125","article-title":"Genetic variants in MTNR1B affecting insulin secretion","volume":"42","author":"Mssig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, C.H.T., Ho, J.S.K., Wang, Y., Lee, H.M., Lam, V.K.L., Germer, S., Martin, M., So, W.Y., Ma, R.C.W., and Chan, J.C.N. (2010). Common polymorphisms in MTNR1B, G6PC2 and GCK are associated with increased fasting plasma glucose and impaired beta-cell function in Chinese subjects. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011428"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1660","article-title":"G-allele of intronic rs10830963 in MTNR1B confers increased risk of impaired fasting glycemia and type 2 diabetes through an impaired glucose-stimulated insulin release: Studies involving 19,605 Europeans","volume":"58","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.009","article-title":"Increased Melatonin Signaling Is a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Tuomi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4249-8","article-title":"Melatonin signalling and type 2 diabetes risk: Too little, too much or just right?","volume":"60","author":"Mulder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0259","article-title":"Melatonin modifies basal and stimulated insulin secretion via NADPH oxidase","volume":"231","author":"Riva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12106","article-title":"Melatonin prevents pancreatic \u03b2-cell loss due to glucotoxicity: The relationship between oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1293","article-title":"Activation of Melatonin Signaling Promotes \u03b2-Cell Survival and Function","volume":"29","author":"Costes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12475","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12475","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates smoking-induced hyperglycemia via preserving insulin secretion and hepatic glycogen synthesis in rats","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12373","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12373","article-title":"IGFBP3 and MAPK\/ERK signaling mediates melatonin-induced antitumor activity in prostate cancer","volume":"62","author":"Mayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000098","article-title":"The role of melatonin in diabetes: Therapeutic implications","volume":"59","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, C.C., Lin, S.H., Chang, J.S., and Chien, Y.W. (2017). Effects of melatonin on glucose homeostasis, antioxidant ability, and adipokine secretion in ICR mice with NA\/STZ-induced hyperglycemia. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111187"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4088","article-title":"Acute Melatonin Administration in Humans Impairs Glucose Tolerance in Both the Morning and Evening","volume":"37","author":"Scheer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5622.25","article-title":"Circadian variation of glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids during long-term use of oral hypoglycaemic agents in diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Rigas","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Circadian variation of the serum glucose and immunoreactive insulin levels","volume":"88","author":"Gagliardino","year":"1971","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"E246","article-title":"Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin secretion","volume":"271","author":"Boden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12480","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12480","article-title":"Distribution and density of melatonin receptors in human main pancreatic islet cell types","volume":"65","author":"Zibolka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.277","article-title":"A variant near MTNR1B is associated with increased fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes risk","volume":"41","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1078","article-title":"Effect of melatonin on hemolymph glucose and lactate levels in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator","volume":"290","author":"Tilden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.973","article-title":"Melatonin in the unicellular Tetrahymena pyriformis: Effects of different lighting conditions","volume":"20","author":"Vakkuri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/1999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:18:02Z","timestamp":1760195882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/1999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23081999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23081999","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]}}}