{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:52:48Z","timestamp":1793922768443,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/23165-5, 2014\/20119-5, and 2013\/07276-1 (RIDC\/CEPOF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/23165-5, 2014\/20119-5, and 2013\/07276-1 (RIDC\/CEPOF)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["446401\/2014-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["446401\/2014-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an alternative method for oral candidiasis (OC), while nanocarriers have been used to improve the water solubility of curcumin (CUR). The aim of this study is to encapsulate CUR in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and to evaluate its photodynamic effects on a murine model of OC. Anionic and cationic CUR-NP is synthesized using poly-lactic acid and dextran sulfate and then characterized. Female mice are immunosuppressed and inoculated with Candida albicans (Ca) to induce OC. aPDT is performed by applying CUR-NP or free CUR on the dorsum of the tongue, followed by blue light irradiation for five consecutive days. Nystatin is used as positive control. Afterward, Ca are recovered and cultivated. Animals are euthanized for histological, immunohistochemical, and DNA damage evaluation. Encapsulation in NP improves the water solubility of CUR. Nystatin shows the highest reduction of Ca, followed by aPDT mediated by free CUR, which results in immunolabelling of cytokeratins closer to those observed for healthy animals. Anionic CUR-NP does not show antifungal effect, and cationic CUR-NP reduces Ca even in the absence of light. DNA damage is associated with Ca infection. Consecutive aPDT application is a safe treatment for OC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23082075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1534764186000},"page":"2075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Curcumin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles in a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Vinicius Tatsuyuji","family":"Sakima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Aboud","family":"Barbugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-5828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio","family":"Cerri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlus","family":"Chorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Cabrini","family":"Carmello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Pavarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9575-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira","family":"Mima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2011.585606","article-title":"Oral candidosis-clinical challenges of a biofilm disease","volume":"37","author":"Rautemaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.12.004","article-title":"Oral fungal infections: Diagnosis and management","volume":"61","author":"Telles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1064-7","article-title":"Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2711","article-title":"Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: Discriminating invasion from colonization","volume":"10","author":"Gow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1012981","article-title":"Candida albicans-epithelial interactions and pathogenicity mechanisms: Scratching the surface","volume":"6","author":"Moyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1502","article-title":"Oral cytokeratins in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2010.03.003","article-title":"Localization of keratins 13 and 14 in the lingual mucosa of rats during the morphogenesis of circumvallate papillae","volume":"113","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.09.009","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of keratins 13 and 14 in the lingual epithelium of rats during the morphogenesis of filiform papillae","volume":"51","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.02.007","article-title":"The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: Science for intervention","volume":"6","author":"Roca","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.01.016","article-title":"Curcumin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy for the treatment of oral infections-A review","volume":"21","author":"Santezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00346.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in the control of oral biofilms","volume":"55","author":"Soukos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Straten, D., Mashayekhi, V., de Bruijn, H.S., Oliveira, S., and Robinson, D.J. (2017). Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic principles, current clinical status and future directions. Cancers (Basel), 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9020019"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.06.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: A bright new technique to kill resistant microbes","volume":"33","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.05.005","article-title":"Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives-A review","volume":"7","author":"Amalraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00937.x","article-title":"Investigation of the photodynamic effects of curcumin against Candida albicans","volume":"87","author":"Dovigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21110","article-title":"Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida to photodynamic effects of curcumin","volume":"43","author":"Dovigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn488","article-title":"Curcumin as a promising antifungal of clinical interest","volume":"63","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.10.011","article-title":"Effect of different pre-irradiation times on curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy against planktonic cultures and biofilms of Candida spp.","volume":"58","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.714081","article-title":"Curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans in a murine model of oral candidiasis","volume":"51","author":"Dovigo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmello, J.C., Alves, F., Basso, F.G., de Souza Costa, C.A., Bagnato, V.S., Mima, E.G., and Pavarina, A.C. (2016). Treatment of oral candidiasis using photodithazine\u00ae-mediated Photodynamic Therapy in vivo. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156947"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.08.016","article-title":"Curcumin as a wound healing agent","volume":"116","author":"Akbik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S108675","article-title":"Design, characterization, and biological evaluation of curcumin-loaded surfactant-based systems for topical drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Rodero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201017666160721123109","article-title":"Wound healing effects of curcumin: A short review","volume":"17","author":"Tejada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.11.036","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation, an efficient and promising approach to maximize wound healing efficacy of curcumin: A review of new trends and state-of-the-art","volume":"150","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerface"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.03.009","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin accelerated the cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"20","author":"Kant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"29","article-title":"The healing effect of curcumin on burn wounds in rat","volume":"4","author":"Mehrabani","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-114034","article-title":"Ethosomal curcumin promoted wound healing and reduced bacterial flora in second degree burn in rat","volume":"66","author":"Partoazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Res. (Stuttg)"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2014.09.004","article-title":"Curcumin-encapsulated nanoparticles as innovative antimicrobial and wound healing agent","volume":"11","author":"Krausz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"4815","article-title":"A curcumin-loaded liquid crystal precursor mucoadhesive system for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis","volume":"10","author":"Salmazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"721","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded cationic solid lipid nanoparticles as a potential platform for the treatment of skin disorders","volume":"72","author":"Rigon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trigo Gutierrez, J.K., Zanatta, G.C., Ortega, A.L.M., Balastegui, M.I.C., Sanit\u00e1, P.V., Pavarina, A.C., Barbugli, P.A., and Mima, E.G.O. (2017). Encapsulation of curcumin in polymeric nanoparticles for antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187418"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.09.001","article-title":"Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems","volume":"75","author":"Kumari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.07.015","article-title":"Combined effect of PLGA and curcumin on wound healing activity","volume":"171","author":"Chereddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.02.019","article-title":"Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer","volume":"37","author":"Shaikh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2010.05.022","article-title":"Fabrication of curcumin encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles for improved therapeutic effects in metastatic cancer cells","volume":"351","author":"Yallapu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2011.12.004","article-title":"Nanocapsulated curcumin: Oral chemopreventive formulation against diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rat","volume":"195","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.06.024","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of curcumin-loaded PLGA and PLGA-PEG blend nanoparticles after oral administration in rats","volume":"101","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.08.001","article-title":"Nanoparticles for drug delivery: The need for precision in reporting particle size parameters","volume":"69","author":"Gaumet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23046","article-title":"Impact of curcumin supersaturation in antibacterial photodynamic therapy\u2014effect of cyclodextrin type and amount: Studies on curcumin and curcuminoides XLV","volume":"101","author":"Hegge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24590","article-title":"Gelucire-based nanoparticles for curcumin targeting to oral mucosa: Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity assessment","volume":"104","author":"Hazzah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328215594479","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced anti-colorectal cancer applications","volume":"30","author":"Udompornmongkol","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"3867","article-title":"Formulation, characterization and evaluation of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanospheres for cancer therapy","volume":"29","author":"Mukerjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.04.062","article-title":"The in vitro stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics of curcumin prepared as an aqueous nanoparticulate formulation","volume":"31","author":"Mohanty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04559","article-title":"Combination of silver nanoparticles and curcumin nanoparticles for enhanced anti-biofilm activities","volume":"64","author":"Loo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.032","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles: Optimization and anticariogenic activity against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"75","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46569-0","article-title":"Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: Chemical composition and role in drug resistance","volume":"55","author":"Douglas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2005.00017.x","article-title":"Molecular organization of the cell wall of Candida albicans and its relation to pathogenicity","volume":"6","author":"Elorza","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.2026-2034.2005","article-title":"Mechanistic study of the photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans by a cationic porphyrin","volume":"49","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01198.x","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of planktonic cultures and biofilms of Candida albicans mediated by aluminum-chloride-phthalocyanine entrapped in nanoemulsions","volume":"89","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-5-2-391","article-title":"The adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by bacteria, its action in releasing cellular constituents and its bactericidal effects","volume":"5","author":"Salton","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00405","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Cieplik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03933.x","article-title":"Comparison of Photodynamic Therapy versus conventional antifungal therapy for the treatment of denture stomatitis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Mima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.05.005","article-title":"A biodegradable hydrogel system containing curcumin encapsulated in micelles for cutaneous wound healing","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"e359","article-title":"Determination of cytokeratins 1, 13 and 14 in oral lichen planus","volume":"19","author":"Innocenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.51.355","article-title":"Expression of cytokeratins 10, 13, 14 and 19 in oral lichen planus","volume":"51","author":"Jacques","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0303-6987.2002.028.x","article-title":"Altered cytokeratin expression in actinic cheilitis","volume":"30","author":"Nunes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600589065","article-title":"Cytokeratin expression in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of oral paracoccidioidomycosis","volume":"44","author":"Kaminagakura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00938.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with Pc 4 induces apoptosis of Candida albicans","volume":"87","author":"Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"86","article-title":"Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy","volume":"1776","author":"Buytaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.08.002","article-title":"Endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: Safety assessment in mammalian cell cultures","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1039\/b614770d","article-title":"Determination of the antibacterial efficacy of a new porphyrin-based photosensitizer against MRSA ex vivo","volume":"6","author":"Maisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01652-12","article-title":"Blue light rescues mice from potentially fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infection: Efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action","volume":"57","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit842","article-title":"Antimicrobial blue light therapy for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in a mouse burn model: Implications for prophylaxis and treatment of combat-related wound infections","volume":"209","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508401101","article-title":"The host cytokine responses and protective immunity in oropharyngeal candidiasis","volume":"84","author":"Fidel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.577-583.2002","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine production by human oral and vaginal epithelial cells in response to Candida albicans","volume":"70","author":"Steele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.03.013","article-title":"Host responses to Candida albicans: Th17 cells and mucosal candidiasis","volume":"12","author":"Conti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1004977","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses to Candida albicans infection","volume":"6","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.070465","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis: Cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid, preliminary results","volume":"80","author":"Novaes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-010-0864-z","article-title":"The effect of a single episode of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of experimental periodontitis. Microbiological profile and cytokine pattern in the dog mandible","volume":"26","author":"Novaes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-009-9345-3","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of cationic PLA-PEG nanoparticles for delivery of plasmid DNA","volume":"4","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03403.x","article-title":"A novel murine model of oral candidiasis with local symptoms characteristic of oral thrush","volume":"47","author":"Takakura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.10.006","article-title":"Susceptibility of Candida albicans to photodynamic therapy in a murine model of oral candidosis","volume":"109","author":"Mima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"115","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of rabbit coronary atherosclerosis. Practical techniques utilizing open-source software","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Quant. Cytopathol. Histpathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22641","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of histological staining and fluorescence using ImageJ","volume":"296","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/2075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:37Z","timestamp":1760195977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/8\/2075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23082075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23082075","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]]}}}