{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T05:44:24Z","timestamp":1769838264754,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University","award":["RG-1435-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1435-017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this era of urbanization and environmental pollution, antioxidants and antimutagens derived from plants are promising safeguards for human health. In the current investigation, we analyzed the antioxidant and antimutagenic effects of the hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. leaves and determined their chemical composition. The different fractions inhibited lipid peroxidation, repressed the production of nitric oxide radicals, and prevented deoxyribose degradation. The antimutagenic activity of the leaf fractions was analyzed against 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine, sodium azide and 2-aminofluorene mutagens in two test strains (TA-98 and TA-100) of Salmonella typhimurium. The experiment was conducted using pre- and co-incubation modes. The best results were obtained in the pre-incubation mode, and against indirect acting mutagen. The presence of a number of bioactive constituents was confirmed in the different fractions by GC-MS analysis. The study reveals the strong antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of R. arboreum leaves. We propose that those activities of R. arboreum might correspond to the combined effect of the phytochemicals identified by GC-MS analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the antimutagenic activity of R. arboreum leaves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T10:50:51Z","timestamp":1535971851000},"page":"2239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities of Different Fractions from the Leaves of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. and Their GC-MS Profiling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Vandana","family":"Gautam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhmeen Kaur","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renu","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsin","family":"Kazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Raish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majid Ahmad","family":"Ganaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharaj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2734-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvaiz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocheme, H.M., and Murphy, M.P. (2009). Mitochondria as a source of reactive oxygen species. J. Biochem.","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20090056"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.11.2135","article-title":"Oxidative stress in chronic renal failure","volume":"16","author":"Galle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00159-H","article-title":"Review: Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions","volume":"18","author":"Stohs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. 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