{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:59:28Z","timestamp":1790899168491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in oncolytic adenoviral vectors as an alternative anticancer therapy. The induction of an immune response can be considered as a major limitation of this kind of application. Significant research efforts have been focused on the development of biodegradable polymer poly-gamma-glutamic acid (\u03b3-PGA)-based nanoparticles used as a vector for effective and safe anticancer therapy, owing to their controlled and sustained-release properties, low toxicity, as well as biocompatibility with tissue and cells. This study aimed to introduce a specific destructive and antibody blind polymer-coated viral vector into cancer cells using \u03b3-PGA and chitosan (CH). Adenovirus was successfully encapsulated into the biopolymer particles with an encapsulation efficiency of 92% and particle size of 485 nm using the ionic gelation method. Therapeutic agents or nanoparticles (NPs) that carry therapeutics can be directed specifically to cancerous cells by decorating their surfaces using targeting ligands. Moreover, in vitro neutralizing antibody response against viral capsid proteins can be somewhat reduced by encapsulating adenovirus into \u03b3-PGA-CH NPs, as only 3.1% of the encapsulated adenovirus was detected by anti-adenovirus antibodies in the presented work compared to naked adenoviruses. The results obtained and the unique characteristics of the polymer established in this research could provide a reference for the coating and controlled release of viral vectors used in anticancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T10:44:53Z","timestamp":1538995493000},"page":"2565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid (\u03b3-PGA)-Based Encapsulation of Adenovirus to Evade Neutralizing Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim R.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit PO Box 42, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Khechara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathishkumar","family":"Kurusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel L.","family":"Armesilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Mendrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Sk\u0142odowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariastella","family":"Scandola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u2032G. Ciamician\u2032 and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0458-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Letizia","family":"Focarete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u2032G. Ciamician\u2032 and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2877-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Kowalczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Sk\u0142odowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3257-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iza","family":"Radecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21219","article-title":"Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Statistics, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.4.3.218","article-title":"Gene Therapy for Cancer Treatment: Past, Present and Future","volume":"4","author":"Cross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr038","article-title":"Long-term Endocrine Side Effects of Childhood Hodgkin\u2032s Lymphoma Treatment: A Review","volume":"18","author":"Laven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.05.023","article-title":"Suicide Gene Therapy in Cancer: Where Do We Stand Now?","volume":"324","author":"Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2014.1841","article-title":"Actively Targeted Cetuximab Conjugated Gamma-Poly (Glutamic Acid)-Docetaxel Nanomedicines for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Over Expressing Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"10","author":"Maya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/59448833","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Agents for Cancer Therapy","volume":"85","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2004.02.014","article-title":"Nanoparticle and Targeted Systems for Cancer Therapy","volume":"56","author":"Blanchette","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felgner, S., Kocijancic, D., Frahm, M., and Weiss, S. (2016). Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Renaissance of an Old Concept. Int. J. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8451728"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-17-21","article-title":"Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: A Novel Experimental Strategy","volume":"17","author":"Patyar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.03.001","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Blockade: A Common Denominator Approach to Cancer Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Topalian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3237","article-title":"Combining Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapies in Cancer Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Vanneman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01693","article-title":"Hierarchically Self-Assembled Supramolecular Host\u2013Guest Delivery System for Drug Resistant Cancer Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Li, Z., Loh, X.J., Chen, K., Li, Z., and Wu, Y.L. (2018). Targeted and Sustained Corelease of Chemotherapeutics and Gene by Injectable Supramolecular Hydrogel for Drug-Resistant Cancer Therapy. Macromol. Rapid Commun., e1800117.","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201800117"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-15-0819","article-title":"Oncolytic Adenovirus Expressing Monoclonal Antibody Trastuzumab for Treatment of HER2-Positive Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Liikanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13027","article-title":"Oncolytic Virus Therapy: A New Era of Cancer Treatment at Dawn","volume":"107","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0015","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses and Their Application to Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Chiocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2217\/cns.13.25","article-title":"Future Clinical Potential of Oncolytic Virotherapy for Pediatric CNS Tumors","volume":"2","author":"Cockle","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867322666151001121601","article-title":"Non-viral Delivery Systems for the Application in p53 Cancer Gene Therapy","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590903559822","article-title":"Oncolytic (Replication-Competent) Adenoviruses as Anticancer Agents","volume":"10","author":"Toth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.03.030","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of Chitosan\u2013PEG\u2013Folate-Complexed Oncolytic Adenovirus for Active and Systemic Cancer Gene Therapy","volume":"169","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Rel."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4792-4801.2001","article-title":"\u201cStealth\u201d Adenoviruses Blunt Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses against the Virus and Allow for Significant Gene Expression upon Readministration in the Lung","volume":"75","author":"Croyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(01)00027-X","article-title":"Production of a Biopolymer Flocculant from Bacillus licheniformis and its Flocculation Properties","volume":"78","author":"Shih","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, A.R., Irorere, V.U., Bartlett, T., Hill, D., Kedia, G., Morris, M.R., Charalampopoulos, D., and Radecka, I. (2013). Bacillus subtilis natto: A Non-Toxic Source of Poly-\u03b3-Glutamic Acid that Could be Used as a Cryoprotectant for Probiotic Bacteria. AMB Express, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-3-36"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, I.R., Burns, A.T.H., Radecka, I., Kowalczuk, M., Khalaf, T., Adamus, G., Johnston, B., and Khechara, M.P. (2017). Bacterial-Derived Polymer Poly-\u03b3-Glutamic Acid (\u03b3-PGA)-Based Micro\/Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for Antimicrobials and Other Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020313"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.05.006","article-title":"Genetic and metabolic engineering for microbial production of poly-\u03b3-glutamic acid","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.20061","article-title":"Natural and Edible Biopolymer Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid: Synthesis, Production, And Applications","volume":"5","author":"Sung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12072","article-title":"Microbial Production and Chemical Transformation of Poly-\u03b3-Glutamate","volume":"6","author":"Ashiuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.02.047","article-title":"Poly (Glutamic Acid)-An Emerging Biopolymer of Commercial Interest","volume":"102","author":"Bajaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"45","article-title":"Targeted Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma and Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Focus on Brentuximab Vedotin","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01145-10","article-title":"The Poly-\u03b3-d-Glutamic Acid Capsule of Bacillus anthracis Enhances Lethal Toxin Activity","volume":"79","author":"Jang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00595.x","article-title":"Poly-Gamma-D-Glutamic Acid and Protective Antigen Conjugate Vaccines Induce Functional Antibodies Against the Protective Antigen and Capsule of Bacillus anthracis in Guinea-Pigs and Rabbits","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30971","article-title":"Sustained Release of Complexed and Naked DNA from Polymer Films","volume":"85","author":"Ramgopal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2174\/156652306776359478","article-title":"Current Strategies and Future Directions for Eluding Adenoviral Vector Immunity","volume":"6","author":"Bangari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2009.148","article-title":"Progress and Prospects: Immune Responses to Viral Vectors","volume":"17","author":"Nayak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8263","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.15.8263-8271.2003","article-title":"Replication-Deficient Human Adenovirus Type 35 Vectors for Gene Transfer and Vaccination: Efficient Human Cell Infection and Bypass of Pre-existing Adenovirus Immunity","volume":"77","author":"Vogels","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2001.0330","article-title":"Activation of Innate Immunity in Nonhuman Primates Following Intraportal Administration of Adenoviral Vectors","volume":"3","author":"Schnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15033640","article-title":"An Overview of Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic) Acid (PLGA)-Based Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"15","author":"Gentile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v005a03","article-title":"Making Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Work. Review: The Application of Solid Free Form Fabrication Technology to the Production of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds","volume":"5","author":"Sachlos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Cell. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.012","article-title":"Preparation of \u03b3-PGA\/chitosan composite tissue engineering matrices","volume":"26","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, I.R., Irorere, V.U., Radecka, I., Burns, A.T.H., Kowalczuk, M., Mason, J.L., and Khechara, M.P. (2016). Poly-\u03b3-Glutamic Acid: Biodegradable Polymer for Potential Protection of Beneficial Viruses. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9010028"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3578","article-title":"Microencapsulation of Recombinant Adenovirus Within Poly-DL-Lactide-Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Microspheres for Enhanced Gene Transfection Efficiency and Inhibitory Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1021\/bp0600177","article-title":"Encapsulation of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy Applications","volume":"23","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"217","article-title":"Poly(d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Microsphere Delivery of Adenovirus For Vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2008.12.001","article-title":"A freeze-Dried Formulation of Bacteriophage Encapsulated in Biodegradable Microspheres","volume":"72","author":"Puapermpoonsiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopham."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00276","article-title":"Intravenous Administration of Polyethylene Glycol-Coated (PEGylated) Proteins and PEGylated Adenovirus Elicits an Anti-PEG Immunoglobulin M Response","volume":"35","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020404615898","article-title":"Uptake of FITC-Chitosan Nanoparticles by A549 Cells","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.06.026","article-title":"Polyethyleneimine\/Poly (\u03b3-Glutamic Acid)\/Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles for Loading and Releasing Antiretroviral Drug","volume":"88","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5926","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2010.2614","article-title":"Production of Poly-\u03b3-Glutamic Acid by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis with Different Growth Media","volume":"10","author":"Kedia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523523","article-title":"Key Role of Poly-Gamma-DL-Glutamic Acid in Immune Evasion and Virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"115","author":"Kocianova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-338X(95)94000-H","article-title":"Characteristics of a Biopolymer Flocculant Produced by Bacillus sp. PY-90","volume":"79","author":"Yokoi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ferment. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2014.11.022","article-title":"Chitosan Microparticles Ionically Cross-Linked with Poly(\u03b3-Glutamic Acid) As Antimicrobial Peptides and Nitric Oxide Delivery Systems","volume":"95","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-008-9239-9","article-title":"Fluorescence Modified Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for High-Efficient Cellular Imaging","volume":"4","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2565\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:24:22Z","timestamp":1760196262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23102565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23102565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]]}}}