{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:25:45Z","timestamp":1777429545485,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new environmentally-friendly, simple, selective and sensitive probe for detecting formaldehyde, based on naturally-occurring compounds, through either colorimetric or fluorescence changes, is described. The probe is able to detect formaldehyde in both solution and the gas phase with limits of detection of 0.24 mM and 0.7 ppm, respectively. The probe has been tested to study formaldehyde emission in contaminated real atmospheres. The supported probe is easy to use and to dispose, and is safe and suitable as an individual chemodosimeter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T02:52:53Z","timestamp":1539658373000},"page":"2646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A New Environmentally-Friendly Colorimetric Probe for Formaldehyde Gas Detection under Real Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Aquino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM). Universitad Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Costero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM). Universitad Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universitat Val\u00e8ncia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biometariales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2818-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM). Universitad Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universitat Val\u00e8ncia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biometariales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Gavi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM). Universitad Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universitat Val\u00e8ncia, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biometariales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Merchant Research and Consulting Ltd. (2018, October 05). Available online: https:\/\/mcgroup.co.uk\/news\/20140627\/formaldehyde-production-exceed-52-mln-tonnes.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NIOSH (2018, October 16). Occupational and Safety and Health Guideline for Formaldehyde, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/81-123\/pdfs\/0293.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/29.1.39","article-title":"Laboratory safety: Minimizing the toxic effects of formaldehyde","volume":"29","author":"Goris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IARC (2012). Chemical Agents and Related Occupations Vol 100 F Review of Human Carcinogens, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)00552-1","article-title":"Determination of formaldehyde in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.02.037","article-title":"Environmental formaldehyde analysis by active diffusive sampling with a bundle of polypropylene porous capillaries followed by capillary zone electrophoretic separation and contactless conductivity detection","volume":"76","author":"Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(00)00054-3","article-title":"Development of highly selective and stable potentiometric sensors for formaldehyde determination","volume":"15","author":"Korpan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1021\/es00148a016","article-title":"Solubility of gaseous formaldehyde in liquid water and generation of trace standard gaseous formaldehyde","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"1986","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.07.086","article-title":"A bio-sniffer stick with FALDH (formaldehyde dehydrogenase) for convenient analysis of gaseous formaldehyde","volume":"130","author":"Mitsubayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.04.040","article-title":"Reagentless amperometric formaldehyde-selective biosensors based on the recombinant yeast formaldehyde dehydrogenase","volume":"76","author":"Demkiv","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1039\/an9962101769","article-title":"Direct monitoring of formaldehyde vapour and detection of ethanol vapour using dehydrogenase-based biosensors","volume":"121","author":"Dennison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an00812f","article-title":"Colorimetric sensor strips for formaldehyde assay utilizing fluoral-p decorated polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2004.02.017","article-title":"Spectrofluorimetric determination of formaldehyde in air after collection onto silica cartridges coated with Fluoral P","volume":"78","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2298872","article-title":"A molecularly imprinted fluoral-P\/polyaniline double layer sensor system for selective sensing of formaldehyde","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2017.07.018","article-title":"Recent advances in formaldehyde-responsive fluorescent probes","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10886","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b05340","article-title":"An aza-cope reactivity-based fluorescent probe for imaging formaldehyde in living cells","volume":"137","author":"Brewer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10890","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b05339","article-title":"A reaction-based fluorescent probe for imaging of formaldehyde in living cells","volume":"137","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN00473C","article-title":"A two-photon fluorescent probe for bio-imaging of formaldehyde in living cells and tissues","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201510373","article-title":"Development of a two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging of endogenous formaldehyde in living tissues","volume":"55","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC09796G","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent formaldehyde probe for bioimaging applications","volume":"52","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b00044","article-title":"Ratiometric Imaging of Tissue by Two-Photon Microscopy: Observation of a High Level of Formaldehyde around Mouse Intestinal Crypts","volume":"89","author":"Singha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2012.06.117","article-title":"A tailor designed fluorescent \u2018turn-on\u2019 sensor of formaldehyde based on the BODIPY motif","volume":"53","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.043","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent probe for formaldehyde in aqueous solution, serum and air using aza-cope reaction","volume":"258","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.02.030","article-title":"A new formaldehyde sensor from silver nanoclusters modified Tollens\u2019 reagent","volume":"255","author":"Chaiendoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.031","article-title":"A localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced dye-based biosensor for formaldehyde detection","volume":"257","author":"Fauzia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14318","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b03224","article-title":"Chromogenic Detection of Aqueous Formaldehyde Using Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Pascual","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7652","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ob06448g","article-title":"Chromo-fluorogenic detection of aldehydes with a rhodamine based sensor featuring an intramolecular deoxylactam","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.11.093","article-title":"Development of microfluidic analytical method for on-line gaseous Formaldehyde detection","volume":"243","author":"Guglielmino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36794","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36794","article-title":"A RGB-Type Quantum Dot-based Sensor Array for Sensitive Visual Detection of Trace Formaldehyde in Air","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1021\/ja910366p","article-title":"A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde","volume":"132","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X.-L., Chen, Y., Jiang, H.-L., Qiu, X.-B., and Yu, D.-Y. (2018). Smartphone-Based Microfluidic Colorimetric Sensor for Gaseous Formaldehyde Determination with High Sensitivity and Selectivity. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093141"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9582","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC04254F","article-title":"An ultra-fast illuminating fluorescent probe for monitoring formaldehyde in living cells, shiitake mushrooms, and indoors","volume":"52","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY00514A","article-title":"A PET based fluorescent chemosensor with real time application in monitoring formaldehyde emissions from plywood","volume":"10","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8775","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01124","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Detection of Formaldehyde in Gas and Solutions by a Catalyst Preplaced Sensor Based on a Pillar[5]arene Derivative","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00038a004","article-title":"The Pictet-Spengler condensation: A new direction for an old reaction","volume":"95","author":"Cox","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.20-2755","article-title":"Fluorescence studies on some 6,7-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines formed from 3-hydroxytyramine (dopamine) and formaldehyde","volume":"20","author":"Jonsson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/16.4.263","article-title":"A method for differentiating dopamine from noradrenaline in tissue sections by microspectrofluorometry","volume":"16","author":"Bjorklund","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8538","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201008071","article-title":"The Pictet-Spengler reaction in nature and in organic chemistry","volume":"50","author":"Stockigt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.05.044","article-title":"Henry\u2019s law constant measurements for formaldehyde and benzaldehyde as a function of temperature and water composition","volume":"45","author":"Allou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:25:52Z","timestamp":1760196352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23102646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23102646","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]}}}