{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:08:23Z","timestamp":1792886903344,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic helminths and their isolated secreted products show promise as novel treatments for allergic and autoimmune conditions in humans. Foremost amongst the secreted products is ES-62, a glycoprotein derived from Acanthocheilonema viteae, a filarial nematode parasite of gerbils, which is anti-inflammatory by virtue of covalently-attached phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties. ES-62 has been found to protect against disease in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and airway hyper-responsiveness. Furthermore, novel PC-based synthetic small molecule analogues (SMAs) of ES-62 have recently been demonstrated to show similar anti-inflammatory properties to the parent molecule. In spite of these successes, we now show that ES-62 and its SMAs are unable to provide protection in mouse models of certain autoimmune conditions where other helminth species or their secreted products can prevent disease development, namely type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. We speculate on the reasons underlying ES-62\u2019s failures in these conditions and how the negative data generated may help us to further understand ES-62\u2019s mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T10:22:54Z","timestamp":1539771774000},"page":"2669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Doonan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel J.","family":"Ramage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamyaa","family":"Al-Riyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity E.","family":"Lumb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara S.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Fairlie-Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Suckling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pure &amp; Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin S.","family":"Michelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5753-0091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Rong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3327-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Harnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Harnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.007","article-title":"Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites","volume":"138","author":"Maizels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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