{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:28:19Z","timestamp":1792171699137,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["041616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["041616"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are of increasing interest due to their appealing inherent properties such as bio-degradability, high surface area, light weight, chirality and the ability to form effective hydrogen bonds across the cellulose chains or within other polymeric matrices. Extending CN self-assembly into multiphase polymer structures has led to useful end-results in a wide spectrum of products and countless innovative applications, for example, as reinforcing agent, emulsion stabilizer, barrier membrane and binder. In the current contribution, after a brief description of salient nanocellulose chemical structure features, its types and production methods, we move to recent advances in CN utilization as an ecofriendly binder in several disparate areas, namely formaldehyde-free hybrid composites and wood-based panels, papermaking\/coating processes, and energy storage devices, as well as their potential applications in biomedical fields as a cost-effective and tissue-friendly binder for cartilage regeneration, wound healing and dental repair. The prospects of a wide range of hybrid materials that may be produced via nanocellulose is introduced in light of the unique behavior of cellulose once in nano dimensions. Furthermore, we implement some principles of colloidal and interfacial science to discuss the critical role of cellulose binding in the aforesaid fields. Even though the CN facets covered in this study by no means encompass the great amount of literature available, they may be regarded as the basis for future developments in the binder applications of these highly desirable materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T10:55:41Z","timestamp":1539860141000},"page":"2684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":414,"title":["Cellulose Nanomaterials\u2014Binding Properties and Applications: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Tayeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezatollah","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shokoofeh","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Tajvidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460587","article-title":"Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material","volume":"44","author":"Klemm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cellulose-based bio- and nanocomposites: A review","volume":"2011","author":"Kalia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00108b","article-title":"Cellulose nanomaterials review: Structure, properties and nanocomposites","volume":"40","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(97)00197-3","article-title":"Production and application of microbial cellulose","volume":"59","author":"Jonas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.05.026","article-title":"Microfibrillated cellulose\u2014Its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: A review","volume":"90","author":"Lavoine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-010-9405-y","article-title":"Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: A review","volume":"17","author":"Plackett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201001273","article-title":"Nanocelluloses: A new family of nature-based materials","volume":"50","author":"Klemm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-3874-0","article-title":"Review: Current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites","volume":"45","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dufresne, A. (2012). Nanocellulose: From Nature to High Performance Tailored Materials, Walter de Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110254600"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9556","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.4.Hubbe","article-title":"Rheology of nanocellulose-rich aqueous suspensions: A review","volume":"12","author":"Hubbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6095","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.10.3.Hubbe","article-title":"Green modification of surface characteristics of cellulosic materials at the molecular or nano scale: A review","volume":"10","author":"Hubbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1163\/156856108X295509","article-title":"Adhesion and surface issues in cellulose and nanocellulose","volume":"22","author":"Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Critical links governing performance of self-binding and natural binders for hot-pressed reconstituted lignocellulosic board without added formaldehyde: A review","volume":"13","author":"Hubbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.2.4093-4110","article-title":"Utilization of cellulose nanofibrils as a binder for particleboard manufacture","volume":"12","author":"Amini","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2016.634103","article-title":"Cellulose nanomaterials as binders: Laminate and particulate systems","volume":"4","author":"Tajvidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.1.2.281-318","article-title":"Bonding between cellulosic fibers in the absence and presence of dry strength agents\u2014A review","volume":"1","author":"Hubbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EN00059E","article-title":"Environmental science and engineering applications of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites","volume":"1","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halib, N., Perrone, F., Cemazar, M., Dapas, B., Farra, R., Abrami, M., Chiarappa, G., Forte, G., Zanconati, F., and Pozzato, G. (2017). Potential applications of nanocellulose-containing materials in the biomedical field. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10080977"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00708A","article-title":"Engineered nanomembranes for smart energy storage devices","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.155","article-title":"A review on cellulose and lignin based binders and electrodes: Small steps towards a sustainable lithium ion battery","volume":"103","author":"Nirmale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900339w","article-title":"Cellulose nanocrystals: Chemistry, self-assembly, and applications","volume":"110","author":"Habibi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2013.634115","article-title":"Cellulose nanofibrils: From strong materials to bioactive surfaces","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0493685","article-title":"Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field","volume":"6","author":"Samir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m, E. (2013). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00222338508063300","article-title":"The structure of cellulose by conformational analysis. 2. The cellulose polymer chain","volume":"22","author":"Pizzi","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.04.017","article-title":"Optically transparent wood\u2013cellulose nanocomposite as a base substrate for flexible organic light-emitting diode displays","volume":"69","author":"Okahisa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00188","article-title":"3D bioprinting human chondrocytes with nanocellulose\u2013alginate bioink for cartilage tissue engineering applications","volume":"16","author":"Markstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13131","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR03054H","article-title":"Use of nanocellulose in printed electronics: A review","volume":"8","author":"Hoeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"815","article-title":"Microfibrillated cellulose, a new cellulose product: Properties, uses, and commercial potential","volume":"37","author":"Turbak","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9305","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00225","article-title":"Wood-derived materials for green electronics, biological devices, and energy applications","volume":"116","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7211","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b01425","article-title":"Soy proteins as a sustainable solution to strengthen recycled paper and reduce deposition of hydrophobic contaminants in papermaking: A bench and pilot-plant study","volume":"5","author":"Tayeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(99)00409-0","article-title":"Effect of combined \u03b3-irradiation and alkali treatment on cotton\u2013cellulose","volume":"57","author":"Hargittai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2009.09.014","article-title":"Effect of cellulose, lignin, alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on biomass pyrolysis and gasification","volume":"91","author":"Lv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0497769","article-title":"TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. The effect of oxidation conditions on chemical and crystal structures of the water-insoluble fractions","volume":"5","author":"Saito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.10.076","article-title":"On energy consumption for size-reduction and yields from subsequent enzymatic saccharification of pretreated lodgepole pine","volume":"101","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.038","article-title":"An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers","volume":"43","author":"Henriksson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.04.018","article-title":"Enzymatically produced nano-ordered short elements containing cellulose I\u03b2 crystalline domains","volume":"61","author":"Hayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1613\/1\/1\/015004","article-title":"Development, application and commercialization of transparent paper","volume":"1","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500527","article-title":"Foldable electrochromics enabled by nanopaper transfer method","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6370","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600979","article-title":"Highly transparent conducting nanopaper for solid state foldable electrochromic devices","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1021\/bm801065u","article-title":"Transparent and high gas barrier films of cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation","volume":"10","author":"Fukuzumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0126(199811)47:3<291::AID-PI11>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"New films produced from microfibrillated natural fibres","volume":"47","author":"Taniguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-009-9290-4","article-title":"Assessing the combined benefits of clay and nanofibrillated cellulose in layered TMP-based sheets","volume":"16","author":"Chinga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-009-9277-1","article-title":"A technique for production of nanocrystalline cellulose with a narrow size distribution","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1021\/bm049300p","article-title":"Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions","volume":"6","author":"Roman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-005-9039-7","article-title":"Sisal cellulose whiskers reinforced polyvinyl acetate nanocomposites","volume":"13","author":"Thielemans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalla, R., Brady, J., Matthews, J., Ding, S.-Y., and Himmel, M. (2009). Structures of plant cell wall celluloses. Biomass Recalcitrance, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444305418.ch6"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.11.022","article-title":"Correlation between stiffness of sheets prepared from cellulose whiskers and nanoparticles dimensions","volume":"84","author":"Bras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1039\/b809212e","article-title":"Bionanocomposites based on poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)-grafted cellulose nanocrystals by ring-opening polymerization","volume":"18","author":"Habibi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19970509)64:6<1185::AID-APP19>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of sheets prepared from sugar beet cellulose microfibrils","volume":"64","author":"Dufresne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034519+","article-title":"Articles effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose","volume":"5","author":"Roman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta01150j","article-title":"Facile extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals with a high yield of 93% through hydrochloric acid hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions","volume":"1","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1021\/la9911180","article-title":"Birefringent glassy phase of a cellulose microcrystal suspension","volume":"16","author":"Araki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2016.1269124","article-title":"A review of cellulose and cellulose blends for preparation of bio-derived and conventional membranes, nanostructured thin films, and composites","volume":"58","author":"Douglass","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/9\/094008","article-title":"Nanocrystalline cellulose applied simultaneously as the gate dielectric and the substrate in flexible field effect transistors","volume":"25","author":"Gaspar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201407141","article-title":"Functional materials from cellulose-derived liquid-crystal templates","volume":"54","author":"Giese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chemie Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.200300268","article-title":"Rodlike cellulose microcrystals: Structure, properties, and applications","volume":"25","author":"Borsali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1021\/bm049291k","article-title":"Eichhorn elastic modulus and stress-transfer properties of tunicate cellulose whiskers","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2009.04.014","article-title":"A multilayer coated fiber-based substrate suitable for printed functionality","volume":"10","author":"Ihalainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1504\/IJNT.2011.044425","article-title":"Polymer nanocomposites reinforced with polysaccharide nanocrystals","volume":"8","author":"Dufresne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2006.906","article-title":"Comparing the mechanical properties of high performances polymer nanocomposites from biological sources","volume":"6","author":"Dufresne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004775229149","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose\u2014A masterpiece of nature\u2019s arts","volume":"35","author":"Iguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200400597","article-title":"Optically transparent composites reinforced with networks of bacterial nanofibers","volume":"17","author":"Yano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-016-1114-8","article-title":"Strong, thermal-stable, flexible, and transparent films by self-assembled TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose nanofibers","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.07.012","article-title":"Utilization of bacterial cellulose in food","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-013-0088-z","article-title":"Recent advances in bacterial cellulose","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009211927183","article-title":"Cellulose synthesized by acetobacter xylinum in the presence of acetyl glucomannan","volume":"5","author":"Tokoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.10.072","article-title":"Structural characterization of bacterial cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter swingsii sp. from Colombian agroindustrial wastes","volume":"84","author":"Castro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CELL.0000046412.11983.61","article-title":"Structural investigations of microbial cellulose produced in stationary and agitated culture","volume":"11","author":"Czaja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6642","DOI":"10.1021\/la0504311","article-title":"Hutter measurement of the elastic modulus of single bacterial cellulose fibers using atomic force microscopy","volume":"21","author":"Ganesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1<1::AID-MAME1>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview","volume":"276\u2013277","author":"Mohanty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2007.05.001","article-title":"Self-supported silver nanoparticles containing bacterial cellulose membranes","volume":"28","author":"Barud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200702559","article-title":"Transparent nanocomposites based on cellulose produced by bacteria offer potential innovation in the electronics device industry","volume":"20","author":"Nogi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-004-2932-3","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose: The ultimate nano-scalar cellulose morphology for the production of high-strength composites","volume":"80","author":"Nakagaito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5646","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-0297-z","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose\/silica hybrid fabricated by mimicking biocomposites","volume":"41","author":"Maeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1163\/156855407782106573","article-title":"Nanocellulose enhanced interfaces in truly green unidirectional fibre reinforced composites","volume":"14","author":"Juntaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Fortea-Verdejo, M., Lee, K., and Bismarck, A. (2014, January 22\u201326). Matrix\u2014Free All Cellulose Composites. Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Composite Materials, Seville, Spain."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1039\/C6MH00500D","article-title":"3D network of cellulose-based energy storage devices and related emerging applications","volume":"4","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1021\/ie301785a","article-title":"Multilayered alkyd resin\/nanocellulose coatings for use in renewable packaging solutions with a high level of moisture resistance","volume":"52","author":"Aulin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.07.020","article-title":"High-barrier coated bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers films with reduced moisture sensitivity","volume":"98","author":"Lagaron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.06.036","article-title":"Gas permeability and selectivity of cellulose nanocrystals films (layers) deposited by spin coating","volume":"112","author":"Herrera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-016-0589-x","article-title":"Cellulose nanocrystals as new bio-based coating layer for improving fiber-based mechanical and barrier properties","volume":"52","author":"Gicquel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1021\/bm101296z","article-title":"Clay nanopaper with tough cellulose nanofiber matrix for fire retardancy and gas barrier functions","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.6.4.4370-4388","article-title":"Water vapor barrier properties of coated and filled microfibrillated cellulose composite films","volume":"6","author":"Spence","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cellulose nanofibrils in biobased multilayer films for food packaging","volume":"134","author":"Koivula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7995-0","article-title":"Impact of different coating processes of microfibrillated cellulose on the mechanical and barrier properties of paper","volume":"49","author":"Lavoine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1299-5","article-title":"Cellulose nanofiber\/carboxymethyl cellulose blends as an efficient coating to improve the structure and barrier properties of paperboard","volume":"24","author":"Afra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.32964\/TJ13.7.9","article-title":"Thin coatings for paper by foam coating","volume":"13","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tappi J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2018.05.024","article-title":"Application of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) as coating on paperboard at moderate solids content and high coating speed using blade coater","volume":"122","author":"Mousavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Nyg\u00e5rds, S. (2011). Nanocellulose in Pigment Coatings: Aspects of Barrier Properties and Printability in Offset. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Link\u00f6ping University]."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.32964\/TJ9.11.25","article-title":"Nanofibrillated cellulose as a coating agent to improve print quality of synthetic fiber sheets","volume":"9","author":"Hamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tappi J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-008-9244-2","article-title":"Strength and barrier properties of MFC films","volume":"16","author":"Syverud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7344","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm01219j","article-title":"Microfibrillated cellulose\u2013graphite nanocomposites for highly flexible paper-like Li-ion battery electrodes","volume":"20","author":"Jabbour","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3183\/npprj-2014-29-02-p253-270","article-title":"Comparing the rheological properties of novel nanofibrillar cellulose-formulated pigment coating colours with those using traditional thickener","volume":"29","author":"Salo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nord. Pulp Pap. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Haavisto, S., Liukkonen, J., J\u00e4sberg, A., Koponen, A., Lille, M., and Salmela, J. (2011, January 1\u20134). Laboratory-Scale Pipe Rheometry: A Study of a Microfibrillated Cellulose Suspension. Proceedings of the Paper Conference and Trade Show 2011, Covington, Kentucky."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.7.3.3837-3846","article-title":"The influence of pulp refining on de-inking potential and strength properties of ink jet printed paper","volume":"7","author":"Tayeb","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzi, A., Mittal, K., Dekker, M., New, E., and Basel, Y. (2003). Handbook of A Dhesive Technology, Taylor & Francis Group. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203912225"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2012.04.007","article-title":"Adhesion phenomena in bonded joints","volume":"38","author":"Baldan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700934","article-title":"Definition of Superhydrophobic States","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1039\/b909868b","article-title":"Patterning of superhydrophobic paper to control the mobility of micro-liter drops for two-dimensional lab-on-paper applications","volume":"9","author":"Balu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1163\/156856108X383547","article-title":"Tunability of the adhesion of water drops on a superhydrophobic paper surface via selective plasma etching","volume":"23","author":"Balu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1021\/la703766c","article-title":"Fabrication of \u201croll-off\u201d and \u201csticky\u201d superhydrophobic cellulose surfaces via plasma processing","volume":"24","author":"Balamurali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00335b","article-title":"Producing a superhydrophobic paper and altering its repellency through ink-jet printing","volume":"11","author":"Barona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11091","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05170","article-title":"Organic solvent-free fabrication of durable and multifunctional superhydrophobic paper from waterborne fluorinated cellulose nanofiber building blocks","volume":"11","author":"Baidya","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-010-5112-1","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of superhydrophobic high opacity paper with titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2008.11.015","article-title":"Generation of superhydrophobic paper surfaces by a rapidly expanding supercritical carbon dioxide\u2013alkyl ketene dimer solution","volume":"49","author":"Quan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1021\/la950418o","article-title":"Super-water-repellent fractal surfaces","volume":"12","author":"Onda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2009.09.036","article-title":"Water resistance improvement of paper by superhydrophobic modification with microsized CaCO3 and fatty acid coating","volume":"351","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.11.015","article-title":"Superhydrophobic and oleophilic calcium carbonate powder as a selective oil sorbent with potential use in oil spill clean-ups","volume":"166","author":"Arbatan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.08.074","article-title":"Cellulose nanofibers as binder for fabrication of superhydrophobic paper","volume":"210","author":"Arbatan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3183\/npprj-2013-28-02-p216-238","article-title":"Approaching super-hydrophobicity from cellulosic materials: A review","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2011.09.102","article-title":"Natural cellulose as binder for lithium battery electrodes","volume":"199","author":"Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.08.115","article-title":"Study of the electrochemical behavior at low temperatures of green anodes for Lithium ion batteries prepared with anatase TiO2 and water soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose binder","volume":"85","author":"Mancini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1021\/ja410810w","article-title":"Enhanced electron transport in nb-doped tio2 nanoparticles via pressure-induced phase transitions","volume":"136","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.1021\/jp311678p","article-title":"Effect of molecular weight and degree of substitution of a sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose binder on Li4Ti5O12 anodic performance","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2007.78","article-title":"Nanotechnology and its applications in lignocellulosic composites, a mini review","volume":"1","author":"Kamel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2016.634114","article-title":"Nanocellulose-enabled electronics, energy harvesting devices, smart materials and sensors: A review","volume":"4","author":"Sabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1021\/jp911272m","article-title":"A Nanocellulose polypyrrole composite based on microfibrillated cellulose from wood","volume":"114","author":"Mihranyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1021\/nl901852h","article-title":"Ultrafast all-polymer paper-based batteries","volume":"9","author":"Razaq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"361","article-title":"Flexible cellulose-based electrodes: Towards eco-friendly all-paper batteries","volume":"41","author":"Zolin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta01532g","article-title":"Single-paper flexible Li-ion battery cells through a paper-making process based on nano-fibrillated cellulose","volume":"1","author":"Leijonmarck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-012-9834-x","article-title":"Flexible cellulose\/LiFePO4 paper-cathodes: Toward eco-friendly all-paper Li-ion batteries","volume":"20","author":"Jabbour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14109","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02136G","article-title":"Flexible freestanding Cladophora nanocellulose paper based Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(00)00211-1","article-title":"Overview of water evolution during the thermal degradation of cellulose","volume":"37","author":"Scheirs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(99)00471-2","article-title":"Vaporization of bound water associated with cellulose fibres","volume":"352\u2013353","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1586922","article-title":"Comparison of PVDF and PVDF-TFE-P as binders for electrode materials showing large volume changes in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"150","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201000148","article-title":"Highly conducting polypyrrole\/cellulose nanocomposite films with enhanced mechanical properties","volume":"295","author":"Sasso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18097","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b05016","article-title":"Flexible paper electrodes for li-ion batteries using low amount of tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils as binder","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A368","DOI":"10.1149\/2.063403jes","article-title":"Natural cellulose: A green alternative binder for high voltage electrochemical double layer capacitors containing ionic liquid-based electrolytes","volume":"161","author":"Varzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3390\/nano5020906","article-title":"Nanostructured electrode materials for electrochemical capacitor applications","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00286E","article-title":"Emergence of fiber supercapacitors","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201109142","article-title":"Paper-based supercapacitors for self-powered nanosystems","volume":"124","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706508104","article-title":"Flexible energy storage devices based on nanocomposite paper","volume":"104","author":"Pushparaj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.249","article-title":"Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials","volume":"58","author":"Goikolea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7484","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00303B","article-title":"A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors","volume":"44","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee24203f","article-title":"Flexible graphene\u2013polyaniline composite paper for high-performance supercapacitor","volume":"6","author":"Cong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frackowiak, E. (2013). Electrode Materials with Pseudocapacitive Properties. Supercapacitors, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527646661.ch6"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.07.080","article-title":"Solid-state flexible polyaniline\/silver cellulose nanofibrils aerogel supercapacitors","volume":"246","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17926","DOI":"10.1021\/jp103698p","article-title":"Electrochemical capacitance of nanocomposite polypyrrole\/cellulose films","volume":"114","author":"Liew","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.201451168","article-title":"Enhanced electrical and mechanical properties of nanographite electrodes for supercapacitors by addition of nanofibrillated cellulose","volume":"251","author":"Andres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201302026","article-title":"Cellulose-based ionogels for paper electronics","volume":"24","author":"Thiemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"85","article-title":"Fundamental aspects of adhesion between cellulosic surfaces in contact\u2014A review","volume":"72","author":"Saucedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"O Pap."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.06.013","article-title":"Relationship between processing history and functionality recovery after rehydration of dried cellulose-based suspensions: A critical review","volume":"246","author":"Wallecan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b00908","article-title":"Effect of lipoxygenase oxidation on surface deposition of unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"33","author":"Tayeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1021\/bm061164w","article-title":"Cellulose thin films:\u2009 Degree of cellulose ordering and its influence on adhesion","volume":"8","author":"Eriksson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bionacromolecule"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02606276","article-title":"Formaldehyde emission from particleboard","volume":"39","author":"Christensen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Holz Roh Werkst."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effect of particle alignment on mechanical properties of neat cellulose nanocrystal films","volume":"2","author":"Reising","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. For. Prod. Process."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-012-9693-5","article-title":"Interaction between microfibrillar cellulose fines and fibers: Influence on pulp qualities and paper sheet properties","volume":"19","author":"Joseleau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6853","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7096853","article-title":"Evaluation of binding effects in wood flour board containing ligno-cellulose nanofibers","volume":"6","author":"Kojima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-013-1348-0","article-title":"Binding effect of cellulose nanofibers in wood flour board","volume":"59","author":"Kojima","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-015-1493-8","article-title":"Reinforcement of wood flour board containing ligno-cellulose nanofiber made from recycled wood","volume":"61","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Bilodeau, M., and Bousfield, D. (2015). Composite Building Products Bound with Cellulose Nanofibers. (20150033983A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vertical density profile and internal bond strength of wet-formed particleboard bonded with cellulose nanofibrils","volume":"49","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.3.4986-5000","article-title":"Effects of density, cellulose nanofibrils addition ratio, pressing method, and particle size on the bending properties of wet-formed particleboard","volume":"12","author":"Leng","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.4.7692-7710","article-title":"Screw and nail withdrawal strength and water soak properties of wet-formed cellulose nanofibrils bonded particleboard","volume":"12","author":"Leng","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1266-1","article-title":"Preparation and property assessment of neat lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) and their composite films","volume":"24","author":"Horseman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1320-z","article-title":"Isolation of lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) and application as adhesive replacement in wood composites: Example of fiberboard","volume":"24","author":"Diop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.08.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the incorporation of lignocellulose nanofibrils as sustainable adhesive replacement in medium density fiberboards","volume":"109","author":"Diop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/158503","article-title":"Particle board and oriented strand board prepared with nanocellulose-reinforced adhesive","volume":"2012","author":"Veigel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-014-0392-2","article-title":"Enhancement of mechanical strength of particleboard using environmentally friendly pine (Pinus pinaster L.) tannin adhesives with cellulose nanofibers","volume":"72","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25520","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b07655","article-title":"Production and characterization of laminates of paper and cellulose nanofibrils","volume":"8","author":"Yousefi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemi, S., Tajvidi, M., Bousfield, D., Gardner, D., and Gramlich, W. (2017). Dry-spun neat cellulose nanofibril filaments: Influence of drying temperature and nanofibril structure on filament properties. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9090392"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1021\/bm800169g","article-title":"Surface modification of natural fibers using bacteria: Depositing bacterial cellulose onto natural fibers to create hierarchical fiber reinforced nanocomposites","volume":"9","author":"Pommet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.11.021","article-title":"Upgrading flax nonwovens: Nanocellulose as binder to produce rigid and robust flax fibre preforms","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2012.06.013","article-title":"Short sisal fibre reinforced bacterial cellulose polylactide nanocomposites using hairy sisal fibres as reinforcement","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2012.06.014","article-title":"Hierarchical composites reinforced with robust short sisal fibre preforms utilising bacterial cellulose as binder","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34792","article-title":"Preparation and properties of cellulose nanocrystals reinforced collagen composite films","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.05.029","article-title":"Preparation and properties of PLGA nanofiber membranes reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"132","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2272","article-title":"Collagen-cellulose nanocrystal scaffolds containing curcumin-loaded microspheres on infected full-thickness burns repair","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.01.061","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose-zinc oxide nanocomposites as a novel dressing system for burn wounds","volume":"164","author":"Khalid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30695","article-title":"Strength and water interactions of cellulose I filaments wet-spun from cellulose nanofibril hydrogels","volume":"6","author":"Lundahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.11.016","article-title":"Reinforcement of natural fiber yarns by cellulose nanomaterials: A multi-scale study","volume":"111","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5018","article-title":"Hydrodynamic alignment and assembly of nanofibrils resulting in strong cellulose filaments","volume":"5","author":"Fall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemi, S., Tajvidi, M., Gardner, D.J., Bousfield, D.W., and Shaler, S.M. (2018). Effect of wettability and surface free energy of collection substrates on the structure and morphology of dry-spun cellulose nanofibril filaments. Cellulose, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-2029-3"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.12.020","article-title":"Human stem cell decorated nanocellulose threads for biomedical applications","volume":"82","author":"Mertaniemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.06.073","article-title":"On the use of ion-crosslinked nanocellulose hydrogels for wound healing solutions: Physicochemical properties and application-oriented biocompatibility studies","volume":"174","author":"Basu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.07.053","article-title":"Nanofibrillar cellulose wound dressing in skin graft donor site treatment","volume":"244","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.086","article-title":"Nanocellulose-collagen-apatite composite associated with osteogenic growth peptide for bone regeneration","volume":"103","author":"Saska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0207","article-title":"Concise review: Unraveling stem cell cocultures in regenerative medicine: Which cell interactions steer cartilage regeneration and how?","volume":"3","author":"Hendriks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cartilage tissue engineering by the 3D bioprinting of iPS cells in a nanocellulose\/alginate bioink","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.08.041","article-title":"Dental glass ionomer cement reinforced by cellulose microfibers and cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"58","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S124318","article-title":"Cellulose nanofiber aerogel as a promising biomaterial for customized oral drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Bhandari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.10.062","article-title":"Resistant starch\/pectin free-standing films reinforced with nanocellulose intended for colonic methotrexate release","volume":"157","author":"Meneguin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.067","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of metformin surface modified cellulose nanofiber gel and evaluation of its anti-metastatic potentials","volume":"165","author":"Nurani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.004","article-title":"PEI-cellulose nanocrystal hybrids as efficient siRNA delivery agents\u2014Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation","volume":"164","author":"Grassot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3183\/npprj-2014-29-01-p105-118","article-title":"A review of nanocellulose as a novel vehicle for drug delivery","volume":"29","author":"Plackett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2684\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:26:29Z","timestamp":1760196389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/23\/10\/2684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules23102684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23102684","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]}}}