{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:24:38Z","timestamp":1790526278151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake venom serves as a tool of defense against threat and helps in prey digestion. It consists of a mixture of enzymes, such as phospholipase A2, metalloproteases, and l-amino acid oxidase, and toxins, including neurotoxins and cytotoxins. Beside their toxicity, venom components possess many pharmacological effects and have been used to design drugs and as biomarkers of diseases. Viperidae is one family of venomous snakes that is found nearly worldwide. However, three main vipers exist in the Middle Eastern region: Montivipera bornmuelleri, Macrovipera lebetina, and Vipera (Daboia) palaestinae. The venoms of these vipers have been the subject of many studies and are considered as a promising source of bioactive molecules. In this review, we present an overview of these three vipers, with a special focus on their venom composition as well as their biological activities, and we discuss further frameworks for the exploration of each venom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1540284216000},"page":"2721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vipers of the Middle East: A Rich Source of Bioactive Molecules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Rima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Maryam","family":"Alavi Naini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Kourah3843, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riyad","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Sabatier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory INSERM UMR 1097, Aix-Marseille University, 163, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Avenue de Luminy, B\u00e2timent TPR2, Case 939, 13288 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad","family":"Fajloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences III, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v6.i2.28","article-title":"Animal venom studies: Currentbenefits and future developments","volume":"6","author":"Utkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. 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