{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:23:14Z","timestamp":1790511794521,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]],"date-time":"2018-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic injuries and local hypoxia can result in osteocytes dysfunction and play a key role in the pathogenesis of avascular osteonecrosis. Conventional imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) can reveal structural and functional changes within bony anatomy; however, characterization of osteocyte behavioral dynamics in the setting of osteonecrosis at the single cell resolution is limited. Here, we demonstrate an optical approach to study real-time osteocyte functions in vivo. Using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a biomarker for metabolic dynamics in osteocytes, we showed that NADH level within osteocytes transiently increase significantly after local ischemia through non-invasive photo-induced thrombosis of afferent arterioles followed by a steady decline. Our study presents a non-invasive optical approach to study osteocyte behavior through the modulation of local environmental conditions. Thus it provides a powerful toolkit to study cellular processes involved in bone pathologies in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T10:43:45Z","timestamp":1541414625000},"page":"2874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Study of Osteocyte Behavior by High-Resolution Intravital Imaging Following Photo-Induced Ischemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hengfeng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Shanghai Medical Schools, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75235, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty Y. S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199205283262206","article-title":"Nontraumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis)","volume":"326","author":"Mankin","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(05)80026-5","article-title":"Osteonecrosis: Current perspectives on pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Semin. 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