{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T03:33:30Z","timestamp":1785382410977,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012155","name":"National institute for Medical Research Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["971254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["971254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are classified as two lung complications arising from various conditions such as sepsis, trauma, and lung inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the extract of the leaves of Portulaca oleracea (PO) possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. In the present study, the effects of PO (50\u2013200 mg\/kg) and dexamethasone (Dexa; 1.5 mg\/kg) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI were investigated. Subsequentially, the lung wet\/dry ratio; white blood cells (WBC); levels of nitric oxide (NO); myeloperoxidase (MPO); malondialdehyde (MDA); thiol groups formation; super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities; and levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-10, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 in the broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated in order to demonstrate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of PO. Our results show that PO suppresses lung inflammation by the reduction of IL-\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, PGE2, and TGF-\u03b2, as well as by the increase of IL-10 levels. We also found that PO improves the level of WBC, MPO, and MDA, as well as thiol group formation and SOD and CAT activities, compared with the LPS group. The results of our investigation also show that PO significantly decreased the lung wet\/dry ratio as an index of interstitial edema. Taken together, our findings reveal that PO extract dose-dependently displays anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-induced rat ALI, paving the way for rational use of PO as a protective agent against lung-related inflammatory disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T03:36:30Z","timestamp":1546486590000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Portulaca oleracea Extract on LPS-Induced Rat Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Vafa","family":"Baradaran Rahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Rakhshandeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Raucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Buono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Shirazinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Samzadeh Kermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 35856-98613, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2280-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Maione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Mascolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"},{"name":"Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The acute respiratory distress syndrome: Incidence and mortality, has it changed?","volume":"20","author":"Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130158","article-title":"The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Matthay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421806","article-title":"The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Ware","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.10.006","article-title":"Biomarkers in acute lung injury","volume":"209","author":"Mokra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.9.2243","article-title":"Dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and isoflavones by Japanese women and the inverse correlation between quercetin intake and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration","volume":"130","author":"Arai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury","volume":"353","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2134","article-title":"Mortality rates for patients with acute lung injury\/ARDS have decreased over time","volume":"133","author":"Zambon","year":"2008","journal-title":"CHEST J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.187","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Constituents on Lung Inflammatory Disorders","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1062761","article-title":"Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"30","author":"Maione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020802320590","article-title":"Portulene, a new diterpene from Portulaca oleracea L.","volume":"10","author":"Elkhayat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Asian Natl. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"453","article-title":"Effect of nitrate: Ammonium nitrogen ratio on oxalate levels of purslane","volume":"11","author":"Palaniswamy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends New Crops New Uses"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13055628","article-title":"Anti-TNF-\u03b1 activity of Portulaca oleracea in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7981","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1644-6","article-title":"Effects of aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea L. on oxidative stress and liver, spleen leptin, PAR\u03b1 and FAS mRNA expression in high-fat diet induced mice","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"277","article-title":"Experimental studies on antibiotic functions of Portulaca oleracea L. in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1463","article-title":"Evaluation of the gastric antiulcerogenic effects of Portulaca oleracea L. extracts in mice","volume":"18","author":"Karimi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00318-4","article-title":"The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (Haw.) Celak","volume":"73","author":"Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00194-6","article-title":"Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L.(growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1","volume":"88","author":"Rashed","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2006.01.013","article-title":"Determination of flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12526","article-title":"The anti-inflammation and pharmacokinetics of a novel alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L.","volume":"68","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.10.082","article-title":"The influence of hydro-ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea L. on Th1\/Th2 balance in isolated human lymphocytes","volume":"194","author":"Askari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"409","article-title":"Modulation of lung inflammation and immune markers in asthmatic rats treated by Portulaca oleracea","volume":"7","author":"Kaveh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130327","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Osuchowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24109","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700821200","article-title":"Acute lung injury edema fluid decreases net fluid transport across human alveolar epithelial type II cells","volume":"282","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.05.114","article-title":"Comparison of honey and dextrose solution on post-operative peritoneal adhesion in rat model","volume":"92","author":"Rahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12454","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline Derivatives as Anti-inflammatory Agents against Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats","volume":"85","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.5.1303","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines in the BAL of Patients With ARDS: Persistent Elevation Over Time Predicts Poor Outcome","volume":"108","author":"Meduri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.532-545.2005","article-title":"Central role of toll-like receptor 4 signaling and host defense in experimental pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"73","author":"Schurr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immunity"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.12.001","article-title":"Promising neuroprotective effects of \u03b2-caryophyllene against LPS-induced oligodendrocyte toxicity: A mechanistic study","volume":"159","author":"Askari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(96)00236-0","article-title":"A murine model of pulmonary damage induced by lipopolysaccharide via intranasal instillation","volume":"202","author":"Szarka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3094","article-title":"Epigenetic modifiers reduce inflammation and modulate macrophage phenotype during endotoxemia-induced acute lung injury","volume":"128","author":"Thangavel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00369.x","article-title":"Oxidants and redox signaling in acute lung injury","volume":"1","author":"Sarma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"913","article-title":"Endotoxin and lung injury","volume":"133","author":"Brigham","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.6.1213","article-title":"Gram-negative sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.38.020187.002221","article-title":"Endotoxins and disease mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Morrison","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199407000-00007","article-title":"Molecular biology of macrophage activation: A pathway whereby psychosocial factors can potentially affect health","volume":"56","author":"Adams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.12.011","article-title":"A herbal formula containing roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) and Pueraria lobata (Gegen) inhibits inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages through inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) pathway","volume":"145","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.12.028","article-title":"Zingerone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2566","article-title":"Suppression of inflammation and acute lung injury by the transcription factor Miz1 via repression of C\/EBP-\u03b4","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.H., Kwun, M.J., Han, C.W., Ha, K.-T., Choi, J.-Y., and Joo, M. (2014). Suppression of lung inflammation in an LPS-induced acute lung injury model by the fruit hull of Gleditsia sinensis. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-402"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.05.004","article-title":"A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Portulaca oleracea L.","volume":"205","author":"Iranshahy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"7","article-title":"Study on Antimicrobial Effect of Flavonoids from Portulace oleracea L.","volume":"34","author":"Dan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.015","article-title":"Bronchodilatory effect of Portulaca oleracea in airways of asthmatic patients","volume":"93","author":"Malek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effects of aqueous purslane (portulaca oleracea) extract and fish oil on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in albino rats","volume":"9","author":"Hozayen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"227","article-title":"Protective effect of Portulaca oleracea extracts on hypoxic nerve tissue and its mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90067-F","article-title":"The skeletal muscle relaxant action of Portulaca oleracea: Role of potassium ions","volume":"40","author":"Parry","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.957783","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of Portulaca oleracea extract against CCl4-induced damage in rats","volume":"53","author":"Eidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"417","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic Effect Of Ethanolic Extract Of Portulaca oleracea Experimental Study","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Online"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"783","article-title":"Evaluation of Potential Antifertility activity of Total Flavonoids, Isolated from Portulaca oleracea L on female albino rats","volume":"6","author":"Hanumantappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. PharmTech Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207449","article-title":"Prostaglandins and inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Ricciotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2015.10.002","article-title":"The impact of \u201cRamadan fasting period\u201d on total and differential white blood cells, haematological indices, inflammatory biomarker, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function tests of healthy and asthmatic patients","volume":"44","author":"Askari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.03.049","article-title":"Auraptene regulates Th1\/Th2\/TReg balances, NF-\u03baB nuclear localization and nitric oxide production in normal and Th2 provoked situations in human isolated lymphocytes","volume":"43","author":"Askari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azab, A., Nassar, A., and Azab, A.N. (2016). Anti-Inflammatory activity of natural products. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101321"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0022OC","article-title":"Attenuation of LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation by Glucosamine in Rats","volume":"49","author":"Chuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6079101","article-title":"Portulaca Extract Attenuates Development of Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induced Colitis in Mice through Activation of PPAR\u03b3","volume":"2018","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"746","article-title":"Ethanol extract of Portulaca oleracea L. reduced the carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in mice involving enhancement of NF-kappaB activity","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00090A","article-title":"Molecular adaptations underlying the beneficial effects of hydroxytyrosol in the pathogenic alterations induced by a high-fat diet in mouse liver: PPAR-alpha and Nrf2 activation, and NF-kappaB down-regulation","volume":"8","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Rodas, M.C., Valenzuela, R., Echeverria, F., Rincon-Cervera, M.A., Espinosa, A., Illesca, P., Munoz, P., Corbari, A., Romero, N., and Gonzalez-Manan, D. (2017). Supplementation with Docosahexaenoic Acid and Extra Virgin Olive Oil Prevents Liver Steatosis Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Mice through PPAR-alpha and Nrf2 Upregulation with Concomitant SREBP-1c and NF-kB Downregulation. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700479"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.04.006","article-title":"A TRIFfic Perspective on Acute Lung Injury","volume":"133","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27009","article-title":"Critical role of endothelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced neutrophil migration into the lung","volume":"116","author":"Reutershan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.01.014","article-title":"Regulators of endothelial and epithelial barrier integrity and function in acute lung injury","volume":"77","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.04.002","article-title":"Daidzein attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via toll-like receptor 4\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402513","article-title":"The acute respiratory distress syndrome: From mechanism to translation","volume":"194","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.015","article-title":"Protective effects of hydro-ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula on primary microglia cells and their polarization (M1\/M2 balance)","volume":"25","author":"Rahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.068","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of Iranian propolis on the severity of post operational-induced peritoneal adhesion in rats","volume":"99","author":"Askari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.02.098","article-title":"\u03b2-Amyrin, the cannabinoid receptors agonist, abrogates mice brain microglial cells inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide\/interferon-\u03b3 and regulates M\u03c61\/M\u03c62 balances","volume":"101","author":"Askari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"376","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and acute lung injury after thermal trauma to skin. Evidence of a role for hydroxyl radical","volume":"119","author":"Till","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9802100","article-title":"Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury","volume":"158","author":"Kristof","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1021\/cr4005296","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutases and Superoxide Reductases","volume":"114","author":"Sheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.70902","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health","volume":"4","author":"Lobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.89.6.859","article-title":"Role of Free Radicals in Lung Injury","volume":"89","author":"Brigham","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12067","article-title":"Oxygen free radical involvement in acute lung injury induced by H5N1 virus in mice","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influ. Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00260878","article-title":"Oxygen free radicals and lungs","volume":"15","author":"Junod","year":"1989","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-009-9091-2","article-title":"Analysis of Flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L. by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry with Comparative Study on Different Extraction Technologies","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J., Hwang, H., Lee, H.W., and Suk, K. (2010). Microglia signaling as a target of donepezil. Neuropharmacology, 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.02.003"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"295","article-title":"Protective effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nigella sativa L. and Portulaca oleracea L. on free radical induced hemolysis of RBCs","volume":"19","author":"Karimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feizpour, A., Boskabady, M.H., and Ghorbani, A. (2014). Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell Therapy Affects Lung Inflammation and Tracheal Responsiveness in Guinea Pig Model of COPD. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108974"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"256","article-title":"The Extract of Portulaca oleracea and its Constituent, Alpha Linolenic Acid Affects Serum Oxidant Levels and Inflammatory Cells in Sensitized Rats","volume":"16","author":"Kaveh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"798","article-title":"Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant and burn wound healing activities of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne fruit peel","volume":"20","author":"Bahramsoltani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"242","article-title":"Anti-melanogenic activity of Viola odorata different extracts on B16F10 murine melanoma cells","volume":"20","author":"Rahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Boswellia serrata has promising impact on glutamate and quinolinic acid-induced toxicity on oligodendroglia cells: In vitro study","volume":"74","author":"Rahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.11.011","article-title":"Interleukin 17 sustains rather than induces inflammation","volume":"77","author":"Maione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12856","article-title":"Experimental design and analysis and their reporting: New guidance for publication in BJP","volume":"172","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13925","article-title":"Updating the guidelines for data transparency in the British Journal of Pharmacology\u2014Data sharing and the use of scatter plots instead of bar charts","volume":"174","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14112","article-title":"Goals and practicalities of immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry: A guide for submission to the British Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"175","author":"Alexander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030443","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000}}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/1\/139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T22:40:44Z","timestamp":1754260844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/1\/139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24010139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24010139","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/molecules30030443","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}}}