{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:38:29Z","timestamp":1790069909043,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Vice Deanship of Research Chairs"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vice Deanship of Research Chairs"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, global efforts are being intensified towards the discovery of local Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates with unique anticancer properties. Parasporins (PS) are a group of Bt non-insecticidal crystal proteins with potential and specific in vitro anticancer activity. However, despite the significant therapeutic potential of PS-producing Bt strains, our current knowledge on the effects of these proteins is limited. Hence, the main objective of this study was to screen Bt-derived parasporal toxins for cytotoxic activities against colon (HT-29) and cervical (HeLa) cancerous cell lines. Nine non-larvicidal and non-hemolytic Bt strains, native to Saudi Arabia, were employed for the isolation of their parasporal toxins. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed a 99.5% similarity with a reference Bt strain. While PCR screening results indicated the absence of selected Cry (Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry10 and Cry11), Cyt (Cyt1 and Cyt2) and PS (PS2, PS3 and PS4) genes, it concluded presence of the PS1 gene. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that proteolytically-cleavaged PS protein profiles exhibit patterns resembling those observed with PS1Aa1, with major bands at 56 kDa and 17 kDa (Bt7), and 41 kDa and 16 kDa (Bt5). Solubilized and trypsinized PS proteins from all Bt strains exhibited a marked and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against HeLa cancerous cells but not against HT-29 cells. IC50 values ranged from 3.2 (Bt1) to 14.2 (Bt6) with an average of 6.8 \u00b5g\/mL. The observed cytotoxicity of PS proteins against HeLa cells was specific as it was not evident against normal uterus smooth muscle cells. RT-qPCR analysis revealed the overexpression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 by 3.7, and 4.2 folds, respectively, indicative of the engagement of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report exploring and exploiting the versatile repertoire of Saudi Arabian environmental niches for the isolation of native and possibly novel Saudi Bt strains with unique and specific anticancer activity. In conclusion, native Saudi Bt-derived PS proteins might have a potential to join the arsenal of natural anticancer drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T03:08:05Z","timestamp":1548990485000},"page":"506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Specific Cytotoxic Effects of Parasporal Crystal Proteins Isolated from Native Saudi Arabian Bacillus thuringiensis Strains against Cervical Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9395-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mourad A. M.","family":"Aboul-Soud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Cairo University Research Park, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Z.","family":"Al-Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitiligo Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, P.O. Box 10219, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazeed A.","family":"Al-Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3978-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelkader E.","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talat A.","family":"El-Kersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Global Cancer Observatory, World Health Organization (WHO) (2018, December 13). Report on the Latest Estimates on the Global Burden of Cancer. Date of Release: 12 September 2018 in Geneva, Switzerland. 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