{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:10:25Z","timestamp":1777997425686,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The contamination of water surfaces by mercury is a dangerous environmental problem due to its toxicity, which leads kidney damage. Activated carbon from mixed recyclable waste modified by phosphonium-based ionic liquid (IL-ACMRW) was therefore prepared and evaluated for Hg(II) remediation. The activated carbon used in this study was prepared from mixed waste, including cardboard, papers and palm wastes as cheap raw materials. The mixed Recyclable Waste Activated Carbon was combined with trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Bis2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos\u00ae IL 104) ionic liquid to form an adsorbent with organic-inorganic content, in order to improve the Hg(II) uptake from aqueous solutions. FTIR confirms the presence of P, C=O and OH after this modification. The adsorption process was investigated and the evaluated results showed that the capacity was 124 mg\/g at pH 4, with a contact time of 90 min, an adsorbent dose of 0.4 g\/L, and a Hg(II) concentration of 50 mg\/L. This Hg(II) adsorption capacity is superior than that reported in the literature for modified multiwall carbon nanotubes. The adsorption of Hg(II) on the modified activated carbon from mixed recyclable waste was found to follow the pseudo second-order kinetics model. Isotherms of adsorption were analyzed via Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results indicated that Freundlich is the best model to describe the process, suggesting multilayer adsorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T03:03:05Z","timestamp":1549422185000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Phosphonium-based Ionic Liquid Modified Activated Carbon from Mixed Recyclable Waste for Mercury(II) Uptake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1910-0311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Habila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department P. O. Box 2455, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9970-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeid A.","family":"AlOthman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department P. O. Box 2455, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman A.","family":"Ghfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department P. O. Box 2455, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha I.M.","family":"Al-Zaben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.S.","family":"Alothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Abdeltawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"El-Marghany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Suez University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department P. O. Box 2455, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.12.003","article-title":"Removal mechanism of elemental mercury by using non-thermal plasma","volume":"83","author":"Byun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hanlon, J. (2007). Analytical methods for mercury in national pollutant discharge elimination systems (npdes) permits. O.o.W. Management. US EPA, 1\u20134."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1021\/es103391w","article-title":"Gaseous Elemental Mercury Capture from Flue Gas Using Magnetic Nanosized (Fe3\u2212xMnx)1\u2212\u03b4O4","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1021\/ie020834l","article-title":"Mercury(II) Adsorption from Wastewaters Using a Thiol Functional Adsorbent","volume":"42","author":"Nam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2001). National primary drinking water standards. Report EPA 816-F-01-007, Washington DC. USEPA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1080\/01496399308018046","article-title":"Removal of Copper from Aqueous Amminecopper(II) Solution by Foam Flotation","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.10.030","article-title":"Removal of inorganic mercury and methylmercury from surface waters following coagulation of dissolved organic matter with metal-based salts","volume":"409","author":"Henneberry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2006.01.015","article-title":"Physico\u2013chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals","volume":"118","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.14727","article-title":"Removal of Hg0 from flue gas using two homogeneous photo-fenton-like reactions","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00044-0","article-title":"Mercury removal from water by ion exchange resins adsorption","volume":"34","author":"Chiarle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0672-9","article-title":"Removal of zinc(II) from aqueous solutions using modified agricultural wastes: kinetics and equilibrium studies","volume":"6","author":"Habila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arabian J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2013.05.007","article-title":"Valorization of two waste streams into activated carbon and studying its adsorption kinetics, equilibrium isotherms and thermodynamics for methylene blue removal","volume":"7","author":"AlOthman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arabian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.21949","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of mercury(II) adsorption equilibrium and kinetics onto silica gel and sulfur-functionalised silica gels adsorbents","volume":"92","author":"Johari","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Canadian J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00475-8","article-title":"A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals","volume":"33","author":"Bailey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201300191","article-title":"Removal of Tartrazine Dye onto Mixed-Waste Activated Carbon: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies","volume":"42","author":"Habila","year":"2013","journal-title":"CLEAN\u2014Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2008.04.007","article-title":"Preparation and characteristics of agricultural Recyclable Waste Activated Carbon by physical activation having micro- and mesopores","volume":"82","author":"Aworn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.09.027","article-title":"Mercury removal from water using activated carbons derived from organic sewage sludge","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.05.054","article-title":"Volatilization and sorption of dissolved mercury by metallic iron of different particle sizes: Implications for treatment of mercury contaminated water effluents","volume":"276","author":"Vernon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(02)00014-6","article-title":"Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry effluent by steam activated and sulphurised activated carbons prepared from bagasse pith: kinetics and equilibrium studies","volume":"92","author":"Anirudhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00267-4","article-title":"Removal of mercury (II) from aqueous solution by activated carbon obtained from furfural","volume":"52","author":"Yardim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.03.020","article-title":"Enhanced sorption of mercury from compact fluorescent bulbs and contaminated water streams using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"274","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.10.014","article-title":"Adsorption of mercury ions from synthetic and real wastewater aqueous solution by functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube with both amino and thiolated groups","volume":"237","author":"Hadavifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.08.062","article-title":"Efficient removal of heavy metal ions by thiol-functionalized superparamagnetic carbon nanotubes","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2014.886627","article-title":"Adsorption of mercury from water by modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes: adsorption behaviour and interference resistance by coexisting anions","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12154-016-0157-5","article-title":"The removal of mercury(II) from water by Ag supported on nanomesoporous silica","volume":"9","author":"Ganzagh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201100287","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Modified Resin for the Adsorptive Removal of Dibutyl Phthalate: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies","volume":"40","author":"Qureshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"CLEAN\u2014Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090313","article-title":"Chemistry. Ionic liquids\u2014Solvents of the uture?","volume":"302","author":"Rogers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1039\/b108411a","article-title":"Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with ionic liquids","volume":"23","author":"Bosmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10443","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules161210443","article-title":"Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of Cadmium(II) Adsorption by Modified Agricultural Wastes","volume":"16","author":"Hashem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SCIE.0000013305.99473.cf","article-title":"Citation review of Lagergren kinetic rate equation on adsorption reactions","volume":"59","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450760419","article-title":"The kinetics of sorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution by sphagnum moss peat","volume":"76","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Canadian J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.04.072","article-title":"Simple and facile synthesis of amino functionalized hollow core-mesoporous shell silica spheres using anionic surfactant for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) adsorption and recovery","volume":"251","author":"Habila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01650130","article-title":"Theoretical basis for the Dubinin-Radushkevitch (D-R) adsorption isotherm equation","volume":"3","author":"Hutson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"385","article-title":"Uber Die Adsorption in L\u00f6sungen","volume":"57","author":"Freundlich","year":"1906","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.03.014","article-title":"Novel deep eutectic solvent-functionalized carbon nanotubes adsorbent for mercury removal from water","volume":"497","author":"AlOmar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2013.12.101","article-title":"Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in food samples after pre-concentration using 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol-modified activated carbon","volume":"20","author":"Habila","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Yusuf, N.Y., Masdar, M.S., Isahak, W.N.R.W., Nordin, D., Husaini, T., Majlan, E.H., Rejab, S.A.M., and Chew, C.L. (2016, January 1\u20133). Ionic liquid-impregnated activated carbon for biohydrogen purification in an adsorption unit. Presented at the 29th Symposium of Malaysian Chemical Engineers (SOMChE), Miri Sarwak, Malaysia."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/3\/570\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:31:02Z","timestamp":1760185862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/3\/570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24030570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24030570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]}}}