{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:15:58Z","timestamp":1785917758933,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Every year Chile exports about 2000 tons of boldo folium (Peumus boldus), which is used around the world as a traditional herbal medicinal product (THMP), mostly to relieve gastrointestinal disorders. This biomass may be a resource for the agrochemical industry to manufacture botanical insecticides. In this regard, the insecticidal potential of boldo has been poorly investigated. In the present work, hydrodistillation of a commercial boldo folium gave 1.5% (w\/w) of a yellowish essential oil (boldo essential oil, BEO) containing 1,8-cineole (20.7%), p-cymene (18.5%), limonene (9.1%), ascaridole (9.1%) and \u03b2-phellandrene (6.4%) as the main constituents, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). NMR analysis allowed us to determine that ascaridole was mainly represented by the cis-isomer. BEO was toxic to larvae of the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus and adults of the housefly Musca domestica, showing LC50\/LD50 values of 67.9 mg\u00b7L\u22121 and 98.5 \u00b5g\u00b7adult\u22121, respectively. On the other hand, lower insecticidal activity was observed against larvae of the moth pest Spodoptera littoralis (LD50 of 268.9 \u00b5g\u00b7larva\u22121). It is worth noting that, when tested at LC90 concentration, BEO was significantly less toxic to aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia magna than the conventional insecticide \u03b1-cypermethrin. Finally, in the attempt to explore the BEO mode of action, we tested it for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory properties using the Ellman method, obtaining negligible effects (IC50 = 0.45 mg\u00b7mL\u22121). Taken together, these results gave new insights into the potential of BEO as a future ingredient of botanical insecticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Exploring the Insecticidal Potential of Boldo (Peumus boldus) Essential Oil: Toxicity to Pests and Vectors and Non-target Impact on the Microcrustacean Daphnia magna"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Pavela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Benelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Petrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8155-7211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Cappellacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Lupidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Sut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dall\u2019Acqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1375-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2010.10.039","article-title":"Boldo (Peumus boldus) cultivated under different light conditions, soil humidity and plantation density","volume":"34","author":"Vogel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. 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