{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:05:35Z","timestamp":1784811935909,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Scientific and Technologic Foundation of Jilin Province","award":["20160520048JH, 201603078YY and 20180311037YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160520048JH, 201603078YY and 20180311037YY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of the immunological activity of various parts (root\/stem\/leaf\/flower\/seed) of five-year-old ginseng on the immune system of immunosuppressive mice. Immunosuppression was induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in the mouse model, whereas levamisole hydrochloride tablet (LTH) was used for the positive control group. We found that ginseng root (GRT), ginseng leaf (GLF), and ginseng flower (GFR) could relieve immunosuppression by increased viability of NK cells, enhanced immune organ index, improved cell-mediated immune response, increased content of CD4+ and ratio of CD4+\/CD8+, and recovery of macrophage function, including carbon clearance, phagocytic rate, and phagocytic index, in immunodeficient mice. However, ginseng stem (GSM) and ginseng seed (GSD) could only enhance the thymus indices, carbon clearance, splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activities, and the level of IL-4 in immunosuppressed mice. In CTX-injected mice, GRT and GFR remarkably increased the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in the spleen. As expected, oral administration of GRT and GFR markedly enhanced the production of cytokines, such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1, compared with the CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, and GRT and GFR did this relatively better than GSM, GLF, and GSD. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study on different parts of ginseng.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T04:11:56Z","timestamp":1553141516000},"page":"1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Comparative Study on the Effects of Different Parts of Panax ginseng on the Immune Activity of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Li-xue","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-li","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-ze","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-jun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan-shan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1889-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin-shi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Special Animals and Plants Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2012.36.4.354","article-title":"Ginseng, the \u2018immunity boost\u2019: The effects of Panax ginseng on immune system","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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