{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:13:21Z","timestamp":1790658801287,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRELUDIUM 2012\/07\/N\/NZ7\/02420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRELUDIUM 2012\/07\/N\/NZ7\/02420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piast\u00f3w Slaskich we Wroclawiu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST D.030.17.028.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST D.030.17.028.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rhizome of Reynoutria japonica is a well-known traditional herb (Hu zhang) used in East Asia to treat various inflammatory diseases, infections, skin diseases, scald, and hyperlipidemia. It is also one of the richest natural sources of resveratrol. Although, it has been recently included in the European Pharmacopoeia, in Europe it is still an untapped resource. Some of the therapeutic effects are likely to be influenced by its antioxidant properties and this in turn is frequently associated with a high stilbene content. However, compounds other than stilbenes may add to the total antioxidant capacity. Hence, the aim of this research was to examine rhizomes of R. japonica and the less studied but morphologically similar species, R. sachalinensis and R. x bohemica for their phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity and to clarify the relationship between the antioxidant activity and the components by statistical methods. HPLC\/UV\/ESI-MS studies of three Reynoutria species revealed 171 compounds, comprising stilbenes, carbohydrates, procyanidins, flavan-3-ols, anthraquinones, phenylpropanoids, lignin oligomers, hydroxycinnamic acids, naphthalenes and their derivatives. Our studies confirmed the presence of procyanidins with high degree of polymerization, up to decamers, in the rhizomes of R. japonica and provides new data on the presence of these compounds in other Reynoutria species. A procyanidin trimer digallate was described for the first time in, the studied plants. Moreover, we tentatively identified dianthrone glycosides new for these species and previously unrecorded phenylpropanoid disaccharide esters and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Furthermore, compounds tentatively annotated as lignin oligomers were observed for the first time in the studied species. The rhizomes of all Reynoutria species exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis demonstrated that proanthocyanidins should be considered as important contributors to the total antioxidant capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T12:28:01Z","timestamp":1553171281000},"page":"1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Phytochemical Diversity in Rhizomes of Three Reynoutria Species and their Antioxidant Activity Correlations Elucidated by LC-ESI-MS\/MS Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5797-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Nawrot-Hadzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwester","family":"\u015alusarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Granica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Foundations of Phytotherapy, Warsaw Medical University, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Hadzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7283-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Matkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.05.007","article-title":"Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential application of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.: A review","volume":"148","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1399","article-title":"Role of resveratrol in regulation of cellular defense systems against oxidative stress","volume":"44","author":"Truong","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2017). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-017-0918-x","article-title":"Neuroprotective compounds from Reynoutria sachalinensis","volume":"40","author":"Eom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0605-3857","article-title":"Isolation and Determination of Phenolic Glycosides and Anthraquinones from Rhizomes of Various Reynoutria Species","volume":"84","author":"Granica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"984","article-title":"Chinese medicinal herbs as source of antioxidant compounds\u2014Where tradition meets the future","volume":"20","author":"Matkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9135","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201577f","article-title":"Comparison of the antioxidant and transmembrane permeative activities of the different Polygonum cuspidatum extracts in phospholipid-based microemulsions","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1009.2013.00546","article-title":"The Spectrum-Effect integrated fingerprint of Polygonum cuspidatum based on HPLC-diode array detection-flow injection-chemiluminescence","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.05.039","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Polygonum cuspidatum and application in peanut oil","volume":"105","author":"Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.H., Zhang, J., Qiu, X.H., Bai, J.Q., Gao, Y.H., and Xu, W. (2016). Application of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometry for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Polygonum multiflorum Thumb. and its processed products. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21010040"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.160455","article-title":"Profiling of components of rhizoma et radix polygoni cuspidati by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode-array detector and ion trap\/time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-017-9507-3","article-title":"Procyanidins: A comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Rue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.07.001","article-title":"Characterization of flavan-3-ols in seeds of grape pomace by CE, HPLC-DAD-MS n and LC-ESI-FTICR-MS","volume":"48","author":"Rockenbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062441t","article-title":"Isolation and structure elucidation of procyanidin oligomers from Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia)","volume":"55","author":"Sinkkonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2016.12.059","article-title":"High performance thin-layer chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry of Japanese knotweed flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins on silica gel plates","volume":"1482","author":"Glavnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.08.019","article-title":"Antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities and chemical profiles of Polygonum sachalinensis F. Schmidt ex Maxim (Polygonaceae)","volume":"81","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J.T., Kim, Y., Jang, H.J., Oh, H.M., Lim, C.H., Lee, S.W., and Rho, M.C. (2016). Study of the UV light conversion of feruloyl amides from Portulaca oleracea and their inhibitory effect on IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070865"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said, R.B., Hamed, A.I., Mahalel, U.A., Al-Ayed, A.S., Kowalczyk, M., Moldoch, J., Oleszek, W., and Stochmal, A. (2017). Tentative characterization of polyphenolic compounds in the male flowers of Phoenix dactylifera by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and DFT. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030512"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.11.017","article-title":"Cytotoxic phenylpropanoid glycosides from Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn","volume":"132","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.03.016","article-title":"Rapid profiling and pharmacokinetic studies of major compounds in crude extract from Polygonum multiflorum by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ay00009a","article-title":"Identification of new dianthrone glycosides from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry detection: A strategy for the rapid detection of new low abundant metabolites from tradi","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200350006","article-title":"Application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to the elucidation of the primary structure of lignin","volume":"3","author":"Evtuguin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2008.11.018","article-title":"Chemical variability of the invasive neophytes Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. and Zucc. and Polygonum sachalinensis F. Schmidt ex Maxim","volume":"37","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.049304","article-title":"Profiling of oligolignols reveals monolignol coupling conditions in lignifying poplar xylem","volume":"136","author":"Morreel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3541","article-title":"A critique on the structural analysis of lignins and application of novel tandem mass spectrometric strategies to determine lignin sequencing","volume":"50","author":"Banoub","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1021\/np010222q","article-title":"New phenylpropanoid esters of sucrose from Polygonum lapathifolium","volume":"64","author":"Takasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"512675","article-title":"An update on oligosaccharides and their esters from traditional chinese medicines: Chemical structures and biological activities","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-001-2133-y","article-title":"New phenylpropanoid esters of sucrose from Polygonum hydropiper and their antioxidant activity","volume":"31","author":"Nhiem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2018.01.006","article-title":"Comparison of bioactive compounds content in leaf extracts of Passiflora incarnata, P. caerulea and P. alata and in vitro cytotoxic potential on leukemia cell lines","volume":"28","author":"Ozarowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2017.09.007","article-title":"Phenylpropanoid profiling reveals a class of hydroxycinnamoyl glucaric acid conjugates in Isatis tinctoria leaves","volume":"144","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.1021\/jf904464u","article-title":"Analysis of multiple metabolites of tocopherols and tocotrienols in mice and humans","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0678-y","article-title":"HPAEC-PAD for oligosaccharide analysis\u2014Novel insights into analyte sensitivity and response stability","volume":"409","author":"Mechelke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2006.08.009","article-title":"Analysis of phenolic compounds in rhubarbs using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201000594","article-title":"Ultra-performance LC-photodiode array-e\u03bb-ESI-MS\/MS screening method for the detection of radical-scavenging natural antioxidants from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2010.10.022","article-title":"Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: Lignin polymers","volume":"33","author":"Doherty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5066","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.32.5066","article-title":"Isolation and structures of hedyotisol-A, -B, and -C novel dilignans from Hedyotis lawsoniae","volume":"32","author":"Matsuda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1021\/jf904537z","article-title":"Profiling and characterization by LC-MSn of the chlorogenic acids and hydroxycinnamoylshikimate esters in Mate\u00e9 (Ilex paraguariensis)","volume":"58","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10143","DOI":"10.1021\/jf202185m","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of hydroxycinnamate derivatives in Stevia rebaudiana leaves by LC-MSn","volume":"59","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo10260a","article-title":"Understanding the fate of chlorogenic acids in coffee roasting using mass spectrometry based targeted and non-targeted analytical strategies","volume":"3","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199811)78:3<405::AID-JSFA133>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"A rapid method for the measurement of Leucaena spp. proanthocyanidins by the proanthocyanidin (butanol\/HCl) assay","volume":"78","author":"Dalzell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"259","article-title":"Quantitative methods for the estimation of tannins in plant tissues","volume":"Volume 59","author":"Hemingway","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Polyphenols"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.02.016","article-title":"Quantitative structure\u2013antioxidant activity relationship of trans-resveratrol oligomers, trans-4,4\u2032-dihydroxystilbene dimer, trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, glucosides: Trans-piceid, cis-piceid, trans-astringin and trans-resveratrol-4\u2032-O-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside","volume":"45","author":"Mikulski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500003","article-title":"Bioactivity and metabolism of trans-resveratrol orally administered to Wistar rats","volume":"49","author":"Wenzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3191-4","article-title":"UPLC-PDA-Q\/TOF-MS identification of bioactive compounds and on-line UPLC-ABTS assay in Fallopia japonica Houtt. and Fallopia sachalinensis Schmidt leaves and rhizomes grown in Poland","volume":"245","author":"Lachowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867043365288","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins in health care: Current and new trends","volume":"11","author":"Cos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.2174\/138955708784223486","article-title":"Condensed and hydrolysable tannins as antioxidants influencing the health","volume":"8","author":"Koleckar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12309","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antinociceptive properties of Litchi chinensis leaves","volume":"66","author":"Castellain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023","article-title":"Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanism and actions","volume":"579","author":"Soobrattee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","article-title":"Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E","volume":"269","author":"Prieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.02.097","article-title":"An approach for degradation of grape seed and skin proanthocyanidin polymers into oligomers by sulphurous acid","volume":"256","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2003.54.2.119","article-title":"Influence of acetaldehyde, pH, and temperature on transformation of procyanidins in model wine solutions","volume":"54","author":"Dallas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200900057","article-title":"Rapid separation of three glucosylated resveratrol analogues from the invasive plant Polygonum cuspidatum by high-speed countercurrent chromatography","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2008.12.013","article-title":"Systematic purification of polydatin, resveratrol and anthraglycoside B from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-010-0052-4","article-title":"Allelochemicals of the invasive neophyte Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (Polygonaceae)","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)00846-9","article-title":"Large-scale separation of resveratrol, anthraglycoside A and anthraglycoside B from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc by high-speed counter-current chromatography","volume":"919","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.08.008","article-title":"Preparative isolation and purification of five compounds from the Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. by high-speed counter-current chromatography","volume":"1097","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2005). Pharmacopoeia of China. Part 1, China Medical Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.983920","article-title":"Antiradical and antioxidant activity of flavones from Scutellariae baicalensis radix","volume":"29","author":"Matkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"163","article-title":"Analysis of antioxidant polyphenols in loquat leaves using HPLC-based activity profiling","volume":"12","author":"Granica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199601)70:1<89::AID-JSFA470>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"The DMACA Protocol and the threshold proanthocyanidin content for bloat safety in forage legumes","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/6\/1136\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:39:49Z","timestamp":1760186389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/6\/1136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24061136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24061136","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201902.0242.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]}}}