{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:08:44Z","timestamp":1790626124231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions of Hainan Province","award":["Hnky2019-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnky2019-46"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils (EOs) have been shown to have a diversity of beneficial human health effects. Clausena is a large and highly diverse genus of plants with medicinal and cosmetic significance. The aim of this study was to analyze the composition of Clausena lansium EOs and to investigate their potential antifungal effects. The chemical compositions of Clausena lansium EOs obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 101 compounds were identified among the diverse extracts of C. lansium. EOs of leaves and pericarps from different cultivars (Hainan local wampee and chicken heart wampee) collected in Hainan (China) were classified into four clusters based on their compositions. These clusters showed different antifungal activities against five Candida species (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis) using the disc diffusion method. Clausena lansium EOs of pericarps displayed noteworthy antifungal activitives against all the tested Candida strains with inhibition zone diameters in the range of 11.1\u201323.1 mm. EOs of leaves showed relatively low antifungal activities with inhibition zone diameters in the range of 6.5\u201322.2 mm. The rank order of antifungal activities among the four EO clusters was as follows: Cluster IV&gt; Cluster III &gt; Cluster I \u2265 Cluster II. These results represent the first report about the correlation between chemical composition of C. lansium EOs and antifungal activity. Higher contents of \u03b2-phellandrene, \u03b2-sesquiphellandrene and \u03b2-bisabolene in EOs of pericarps were likely responsible for the high antifungal activity of Cluster IV EOs. Taken together, our results demonstrate the chemical diversity of Clausena lansium EOs and their potential as novel antifungal agents for candidiasis caused by Candida spp. Furthermore, the obtained results showing a wide spectrum of antifungal activities provide scientific evidence for the traditional use of these plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T03:47:36Z","timestamp":1554868056000},"page":"1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Correlation between Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Clausena lansium Essential Oil against Candida spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Research Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lantong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Research Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlei","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Research Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohui","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Research Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Research Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinzheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological effects of essential oils\u2014A review","volume":"2","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.04.038","article-title":"Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from pigeon pea leaves (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity","volume":"58","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosoky, N.S., and Setzer, W.N. (2018). Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oils. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071966"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.09.042","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of rosemary essential oil fractions obtained by molecular distillation and their effect on oxidative stability of sunflower oil","volume":"242","author":"Mezza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T.K. (2012). Clausena\u00a0lansium. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2534-8"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2012.06.019","article-title":"Bioactive constituents of Clausena lansium and a method for discrimination of aldose enantiomers","volume":"82","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.11.015","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of the extract and some isolated compounds of Clausena lansium stem bark: anti-trichomonal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects","volume":"122","author":"Adebajo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.04.073","article-title":"Antioxidant and anticancer activities of 8-hydroxypsoralen isolated from wampee (Clausena lansium, (Lour.) Skeels) peel","volume":"118","author":"Prasad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-016-1033-x","article-title":"Constituents from the leaves of Clausena lansium and their anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"71","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Chinese Academy of Sciences (1997). Flora of China, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"38","article-title":"Comparison of traits of eleven yellow- wampee cultivars in Hainan","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"South China Fruits"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2004-3-401","article-title":"Chemical composition of the essential oils of Clausena lansium from Hainan island, China","volume":"59","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch C."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"66","article-title":"Volatile components of wampee fruits [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels] treated by different drying conditions","volume":"11","author":"Chokepraser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thammasat Int. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2006.9699044","article-title":"Aromatic plants from western Cuba IV. Composition of the leaf oils of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels and Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr","volume":"18","author":"Pino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x","article-title":"Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9703-7","article-title":"Patterns of Human Oral Yeast Species Distribution on Hainan Island in China","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020203","article-title":"Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball-New Approaches","volume":"22","author":"Garzoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"898","article-title":"Study on chemical constituents of volatile oil and trace elements from fruits of Clausena lansium","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.07.002","article-title":"Volatile components of the leaves, fruits and seeds of wampee (Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels)","volume":"20","author":"Chokeprasert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9723-3","article-title":"The Influence of Chemical Composition of Commercial Lemon Essential Oils on the Growth of Candida Strains","volume":"177","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"65","article-title":"Extract Active Substances in Different Organ of Clausena lansium and the Activity to Colletotrchum musae","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.09.028","article-title":"The chemical composition and antibacterial activity of eleven Piper species from distinct rainforest areas in Southeastern Brazil","volume":"94","author":"Perigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3109\/13880201003770143","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Tripleurospermum disciforme in three developmental stages","volume":"48","author":"Chehregani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.996148","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial evaluation of the essential oils of Bocageopsis pleiosperma Maas","volume":"29","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"CLSI (2009). Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/7\/1394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1760186635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/7\/1394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24071394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24071394","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]]}}}