{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:15:23Z","timestamp":1792120523731,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zeolites are porous minerals with high absorbency and ion-exchange capacity. Their molecular structure is a dense network of AlO4 and SiO4 that generates cavities where water and other polar molecules or ions are inserted\/exchanged. Even though there are several synthetic or natural occurring species of zeolites, the most widespread and studied is the naturally occurring zeolite clinoptilolite (ZC). ZC is an excellent detoxifying, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. As a result, it is been used in many industrial applications ranging from environmental remediation to oral applications\/supplementation in vivo in humans as food supplements or medical devices. Moreover, the modification as micronization of ZC (M-ZC) or tribomechanically activated zeolite clinoptilolite (TMAZ) or furthermore as double tribomechanically activated zeolite clinoptilolite (PMA-ZC) allows improving its benefits in preclinical and clinical models. Despite its extensive use, many underlying action mechanisms of ZC in its natural or modified forms are still unclear, especially in humans. The main aim of this review is to shed light on the geochemical aspects and therapeutic potentials of ZC with a vision of endorsing further preclinical and clinical research on zeolites, in specific on the ZC and its modified forms as a potential agent for promoting human brain health and overall well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T11:07:11Z","timestamp":1555499231000},"page":"1517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Zeolite Clinoptilolite: Therapeutic Virtues of an Ancient Mineral"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8862-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Mastinu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Maccarinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Anna","family":"Bonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Premoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1181-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Aria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0816-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Gianoncelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Memo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pekov, I.V., Grigorieva, A.A., Turchkova, A.G., and Lovskaya, E.V. (2008). Natural ion exchange in microporous minerals: Different aspects and implications. Miner. Adv. Mater. I, 7\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77123-4_2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1404-8_2","article-title":"Basics of Zeolites","volume":"Volume 78","author":"Jha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fly Ash Zeolites"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"81","article-title":"Natural Zeolites in Water Treatment\u2014How Effective is Their Use","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Elshorbagy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Treatment"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2017.04.062","article-title":"Novel, oxygenated clinoptilolite material efficiently removes aluminium from aluminium chloride-intoxicated rats in vivo","volume":"249","author":"Micek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraljevi\u0107 Paveli\u0107, S., Simovi\u0107 Medica, J., Gumbarevi\u0107, D., Filo\u0161evi\u0107, A., Pr\u017eulj, N., and Paveli\u0107, K. (2018). Critical Review on Zeolite Clinoptilolite Safety and Medical Applications in vivo. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01350"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0101-z","article-title":"Effects of zeolite supplementation on parameters of intestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, redoxbiology and performance in aerobically trained subjects","volume":"12","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02308","article-title":"Effects of clinoptilolite and modified clinoptilolite on the growth performance, intestinal microflora, and gut parameters of broilers","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaelberer, M.M., Buchanan, K.L., Klein, M.E., Barth, B.B., Montoya, M.M., Shen, X., and Boh\u00f3rquez, D.V. (2018). A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science, 361.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5236"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198052092115","article-title":"Geology of Natural Zeolites and Zeolitic Rocks","volume":"52","author":"Iijima","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1976.0240101","article-title":"Morphology of Zeolites in Sedimentary-Rocks by Scanning Electron-Microscopy","volume":"24","author":"Mumpton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s004100050571","article-title":"Genesis of zeolites in the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff: Geological, volcanological and mineralogical evidence","volume":"139","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contrib. Miner. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1127\/ejm\/1\/4\/0479","article-title":"The Genesis of Zeolites","volume":"1","author":"Gottardi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Miner."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.09.030","article-title":"Nanocomposite MFI-alumina membranes via pore-plugging synthesis: Genesis of the zeolite material","volume":"325","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2013.10.018","article-title":"Zeolite occurrence and genesis in the Late-Cretaceous Cayo arc of Coastal Ecuador: Evidence for zeolite formation in cooling marine pyroclastic flow deposits","volume":"87","author":"Machiels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodall, L.J., Anderson, P.A., Armstrong, A.R., and Edwards, P.P. (1996). Dissolving alkali metals in zeolites: Genesis of the perfect cluster crystal. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 719\u2013727.","DOI":"10.1039\/dt9960000719"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inglezakis, V.J., and Zorpas, A.A. (2012). Zeolite Formation and Deposits. Natural Zeolites Handbook, Bentham Science Publishers. Chapter 2.1.","DOI":"10.2174\/97816080526151120101"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1314.2010.00895.x","article-title":"Zeolites in fissures of granites and gneisses of the Central Alps","volume":"28","author":"Weisenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Metamorph. Geol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2991(09)60860-0","article-title":"Hydrothermal Zeolite Occurrence from the Smrekovec Mt. Area, Slovenia, Yugoslavia","volume":"28","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.02.022","article-title":"Phase transformations during the zeolitization of fly ashes","volume":"5","author":"Pereyra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.68.739","article-title":"Zeolitization of volcaniclastic sediments; the role of temperature and pH","volume":"68","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1999.0470308","article-title":"Occurrence of Clinoptilolite and Mordenite in Tertiary Calc-Alkaline Pyroclastites from Sardinia (Italy)","volume":"47","author":"Ghiara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"573","article-title":"Zeolite: \u201cthe Magic Stone\u201d; Main Nutritional, Environmental, Experimental and Clinical Fields of Application","volume":"32","author":"Laurino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35341E","article-title":"Micro-mesoporous materials obtained by zeolite recrystallization: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic applications","volume":"42","author":"Ivanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrozova, P., Kynicky, J., Urubek, T., and Nguyen, V. (2017). Synthesis and Modification of Clinoptilolite. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071107"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2000-0411","article-title":"Solubility and stability of zeolites in aqueous solution: II. Calcic clinoptilolite and mordenite","volume":"85","author":"Benning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Miner."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.420","article-title":"Enhanced ammonium removal efficiency by ion exchange process of synthetic zeolite after Na+ and heat pretreatment","volume":"788","author":"Ham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2992-0","article-title":"Adsorption of cadmium, nickel and lead ions: Equilibrium, kinetic and selectivity studies on modified clinoptilolites from the USA and RSA","volume":"25","author":"Gorimbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2016.1263586","article-title":"Geological occurrence, mineralogical characterization, and risk assessment of potentially carcinogenic erionite in Italy","volume":"20","author":"Giordani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2018.1447116","article-title":"Assessing occupational erionite and respirable crystalline silica exposure among outdoor workers in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana","volume":"15","author":"Beaucham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2015.56.2.311","article-title":"Clinical and Prognostic Features of Erionite-Induced Malignant Mesothelioma","volume":"56","author":"Demirer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2018.1467873","article-title":"A review of the cohorts with environmental and occupational mineral fiber exposure","volume":"74","author":"Metintas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.10.045","article-title":"EPR, TEM and cell viability study of asbestiform zeolite fibers in cell media","volume":"161","author":"Cangiotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM00028J","article-title":"Applications of zeolites in biotechnology and medicine\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Bacakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.2741\/1918","article-title":"A clinoptilolite effect on cell media and the consequent effects on tumor cells in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Katic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. J. Virtual Libr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-63","article-title":"Natural zeolites chabazite\/phillipsite\/analcime increase blood levels of antioxidant enzymes","volume":"50","author":"Dogliotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1261008","article-title":"Natural zeolite (chabazite\/phillipsite) dietary supplementation influences faecal microbiota and oxidant status of working dogs","volume":"16","author":"Superchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2012.05.006","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of faujasite zeolites doped with silver","volume":"160","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2017-0365-RA","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma and Its Non-Asbestos Causes","volume":"142","author":"Attanoos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinhart, K.O., Nur Aainaa, H., Haruna Ahmed, O., and Ab Majid, N.M. (2018). Effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on phosphorus dynamics and yield of Zea Mays L. cultivated on an acid soil. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204401"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Wu, Y., Zhou, Y., Lu, C., Ahmad, H., Zhang, H., He, J., Zhang, L., and Wang, T. (2016). Influence of Butyrate Loaded Clinoptilolite Dietary Supplementation on Growth Performance, Development of Intestine and Antioxidant Capacity in Broiler Chickens. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154410"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx042","article-title":"Clinoptilolite in Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Murine Colitis: Efficacy and Safety of a Microparticulate Preparation","volume":"24","author":"Nizet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.01.010","article-title":"The Effects of Natural Clinoptilolite and Nano-Sized Clinoptilolite Supplementation on Glucose Levels and Oxidative Stress in Rats with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Khorram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"215","article-title":"Potentiated clinoptilolite: Artificially enhanced aluminosilicate reduces symptoms associated with endoscopically negative gastroesophageal reflux disease and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastritis","volume":"7","author":"Potgieter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1589","article-title":"Anticancer and antioxidative effects of micronized zeolite clinoptilolite","volume":"23","author":"Zarkovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.03.008","article-title":"Dietary zeolite supplementation reduces oxidative damage and plaque generation in the brain of an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"92","author":"Montinaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5937\/ror1801063A","article-title":"Micronization of zeolite in vibration mill","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reciklaza I Odrziv. Razvoj"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9278-4","article-title":"Modified Natural Clinoptilolite Detoxifies Small Mammal\u2019s Organism Loaded with Lead I. Lead Disposition and Kinetic Model for Lead Bioaccumulation","volume":"147","author":"Beltcheva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.17795\/jhealthscope-10041","article-title":"Protective Effect of Microporous Natural Clinoptilolite on Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats","volume":"2","author":"Nikpey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Scope"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.05.030","article-title":"The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and\/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: A review","volume":"84","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.023","article-title":"Effects of dietary zeolite (clinoptilolite) levels on growth performance, feed utilization and waste excretions by gilthead sea bream juveniles (Sparus aurata)","volume":"200","author":"Sevgili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"803","article-title":"Possibile use of natural zeolites in animal production and environment protection","volume":"4","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Elem."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nanoenhanced Materials for Reclamation of Mine Lands and Other Degraded Soils: A Review","volume":"2012","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40781-016-0106-4","article-title":"In-field evaluation of clinoptilolite feeding efficacy on the reduction of milk aflatoxin M1 concentration in dairy cattle","volume":"58","author":"Katsoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-4060-8","article-title":"Effects of prolonged consumption of water with elevated nitrate levels on certain metabolic parameters of dairy cattle and use of clinoptilolite for their amelioration","volume":"22","author":"Katsoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13112","article-title":"Invited review: Mineral absorption mechanisms, mineral interactions that affect acid\u2013base and antioxidant status, and diet considerations to improve mineral status","volume":"101","author":"Goff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160344","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20160344","article-title":"Zeolites in poultry and swine production","volume":"47","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cienc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380290813435","article-title":"Efficient feed nutrient utilization to reduce pollutants in poultry and swine manure","volume":"32","author":"Nahm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.865083","article-title":"Inoculum and zeolite synergistic effect on anaerobic digestion of poultry manure","volume":"35","author":"Fotidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2014.09.002","article-title":"Ammonia Metabolism and Hyperammonemic Disorders","volume":"67","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2010.03.002","article-title":"Human detoxification of perfluorinated compounds","volume":"124","author":"Genuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff, S.C., Barbara, G., Buurman, W., Ockhuizen, T., Schulzke, J.-D., Serino, M., Tilg, H., Watson, A., and Wells, J.M. (2014). Intestinal permeability\u2014A new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1180\/claymin.2011.046.2.295","article-title":"A critical reconsideration of biomedical and veterinary applications ofnatural zeolites","volume":"46","author":"Colella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGhee, J.R., and Fujihashi, K. (2012). Inside the Mucosal Immune System. PLoS Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001397"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02850340","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with the tribomechanically activated zeolite clinoptilolite in immunodeficiency: Effects on the immune system","volume":"21","author":"Ivkovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action","volume":"61","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12459294","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: Mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation","volume":"6","author":"Hemarajata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabbioni, A., Ferrario, C., Milani, C., Mancabelli, L., Riccardi, E., di Ianni, F., Beretti, V., Superchi, P., and Ossiprandi, M.C. (2016). Modulation of the Bifidobacterial Communities of the Dog Microbiota by Zeolite. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01491"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Grandhi, R., Patterson, T., and Nicholson, S. (2018). A Review of Traumatic Brain Injury and the Gut Microbiome: Insights into Novel Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Injury and Promising Targets for Neuroprotection. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8060113"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6437","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603321113","article-title":"Superantigens hyperinduce inflammatory cytokines by enhancing the B7-2\/CD28 costimulatory receptor interaction","volume":"113","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-07447-6.00005-3","article-title":"Role of Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Immune Response","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Actor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elsevier\u2019s Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1159\/000485089","article-title":"Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"185","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Disease","volume":"Volume 10","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Transcription Factor Nrf2"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2011.11.007","article-title":"Effects of clinoptilolite treatment on oxidative stress after partial hepatectomy in rats","volume":"34","author":"Saribeyoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2015.03.006","article-title":"The kinetics of fluoride sorption by zeolite: Effects of cadmium, barium and manganese","volume":"177","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"275","article-title":"Efficacy of Supplemental Natural Zeolite in Broiler Chickens Subjected to Dietary Calcium Deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, C., Mediha, H.A., and Naceur, M.H. (2018). Effects of the Incorporation of Zeolite on Zoo technical Parameters of Chicken. J. Anim. Sci. Livest. Prod., 2.","DOI":"10.21767\/2577-0594.100011"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933907001730","article-title":"The application of zeolite in poultry production","volume":"64","author":"Shariatmadari","year":"2008","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraha, I., Rimland, J.M., Trotta, F.M., Dell\u2019Aquila, G., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Petrovic, M., Gudmundsson, A., Soiza, R., O\u2019Mahony, D., and Guaita, A. (2017). Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia. The SENATOR-OnTop series. BMJ Open, 7.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012759"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"59","article-title":"Biological rhythms and sleep rhythms","volume":"41","author":"Hecht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aerosp. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00567-8","article-title":"The effect of natural clinoptilolite on the serotonergic receptors in the brain of mice with mammary carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Pivac","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014C1197","article-title":"Geophagy (rock eating), experimental stress and cognitive idiosyncrasy","volume":"4","author":"Golokhvast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12010014","article-title":"Increasing performance in children with ADHD by trapping lead with a nano-zeolite","volume":"25","author":"Delavarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E21","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12010018","article-title":"Using natural zeolite as a transporter of dopamine","volume":"25","author":"Delavarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E04","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11120364","article-title":"Is it possible to treat some brain diseases by drug-substituted zeolites?","volume":"25","author":"Hassanvand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12010010","article-title":"Drug delivery using nano-pore zeolites and ultrasound","volume":"25","author":"Hassanvand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000307","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease","volume":"22","author":"Apostolova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.09.004","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history","volume":"227","author":"Bonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Premoli, M., Aria, F., Bonini, S.A., Maccarinelli, G., Gianoncelli, A., Memo, M., and Mastinu, A. (2019). Cannabimimetic plants: Are they new cannabinoidergic modulators?. Planta.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03138-x"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180013","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2018-0013","article-title":"Cannabinoids in health and disease: Pharmacological potential in metabolic syndrome and neuroinflammation","volume":"36","author":"Mastinu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.053","article-title":"Cannabidiol: Recent advances and new insights for neuropsychiatric disorders treatment","volume":"224","author":"Premoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2016.0010","article-title":"Microbiota and Neurological Disorders: A Gut Feeling","volume":"5","author":"Moos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biores. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giau, V., Wu, S., Jamerlan, A., An, S., Kim, S., and Hulme, J. (2018). Gut Microbiota and Their Neuroinflammatory Implications in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111765"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-018-0609-3","article-title":"Emerging evidence linking the gut microbiome to neurologic disorders","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Li, F., Jia, J., Song, X., Qin, S., Wang, R., Jin, F., and Kitazato, K. (2018). The Gut-Microglia Connection: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02325"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-016-0338-6","article-title":"Human gut microbiota: The links with dementia development","volume":"8","author":"Alkasir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-5083-9","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and gut microbiota","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Rosa, F., Clerici, M., Ratto, D., Occhinegro, A., Licito, A., Romeo, M., Iorio, C., and Rossi, P. (2018). The Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Omega-3. A Critical Overview of Clinical Trials. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091267"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1789","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005527","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and 3-year Alzheimer brain biomarker changes in middle-aged adults","volume":"90","author":"Berti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/8\/1517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:14Z","timestamp":1760186774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/8\/1517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24081517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24081517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]}}}