{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:50:27Z","timestamp":1792619427561,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03933656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03933656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, joint-invading, autoimmune inflammatory disease, which causes joint cartilage breakdown and bone damage, resulting in functional impairment and deformation of the joints. The percentage of RA patients has been rising and RA represents a substantial burden for patients around the world. Despite the development of many RA therapies, because of the side effects and low effectiveness of conventional drugs, patients still need and researchers are seeking new therapeutic alternatives. Polyphenols extracted from natural products are effective on several inflammatory diseases, including RA. In this review polyphenols are classified into four types: flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and others, among which mainly flavonoids are discussed. Researchers have reported that anti-RA efficacies of polyphenols are based mainly on three mechanisms: their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptotic properties. The main RA factors modified by polyphenols are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), nuclear factor \u03ba light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Polyphenols could be potent alternative RA therapies and sources for novel drugs for RA by affecting its key mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1555930973000},"page":"1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Could Polyphenols Help in the Control of Rheumatoid Arthritis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Siyun","family":"Sung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University,  Seoul 02453, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doyoung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University,  Seoul 02453, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunsik","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonglee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University,  Seoul 02453, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Smolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01661","article-title":"Evolving concepts of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"423","author":"Firestein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Disease","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31491-5","article-title":"Novel treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"389","author":"Burmester","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965","article-title":"The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"365","author":"McInnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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