{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:15:49Z","timestamp":1780373749819,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI KIBAN (B) 18H02587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI KIBAN (B) 18H02587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Young Scientists (18J10935)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Young Scientists (18J10935)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracellular polysulfide could regulate the redox balance via its anti-oxidant activity. However, the existence of polysulfide in biological fluids still remains unknown. Recently, we developed a quantitative analytical method for polysulfide and discovered that polysulfide exists in plasma and responds to oxidative stress. In this study, we confirmed the presence of polysulfide in other biological fluids, such as semen and nasal discharge. The levels of polysulfide in these biological fluids from healthy volunteers (n = 9) with identical characteristics were compared. Additionally, the circadian rhythm of plasma polysulfide was also investigated. The polysulfide levels detected from nasal discharge and seminal fluid were approximately 400 and 600 \u03bcM, respectively. No correlation could be found between plasma polysulfide and the polysulfide levels of tear, saliva, and nasal discharge. On the other hand, seminal polysulfide was positively correlated with plasma polysulfide, and almost all polysulfide contained in semen was found in seminal fluid. Intriguingly, saliva and seminal polysulfide strongly correlated with salivary amylase and sperm activities, respectively. These results provide a foundation for scientific breakthroughs in various research areas like infertility and the digestive system process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24091689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T08:51:44Z","timestamp":1556614304000},"page":"1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Distribution of Polysulfide in Human Biological Fluids and Their Association with Amylase and Sperm Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5359-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Ishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor T. G.","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya Selangor 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maki","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Osafune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taro","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Okuhira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Otagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Akaike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiro","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.037","article-title":"Protein thiol oxidation in health and disease: Techniques for measuring disulfides and related modifications in complex protein mixtures","volume":"40","author":"Eaton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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