{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:10:53Z","timestamp":1774044653017,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACyT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant number 271106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number 271106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico UNAM","award":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, project IN222619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGAPA-PAPIIT, project IN222619"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Verbena carolina L. (Verbenaceae) is used as a decoction in Mexican folk medicine with applications against digestive problems and for dermatological infections. The present work firstly reported HPLC analysis, as well as the free radical scavenging capacity of the extracts and isolated compounds. Antimicrobial analyses of these substances against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi and the fungi Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were also tested, as well as the acute oral toxicity in mice of aqueous extracts. Major secondary metabolites in V. carolina extracts were isolated by conventional phytochemical methods which consisted of three terpenoids ((1), (3) and (4)) and four phenolic compounds ((2), (4)\u2013(6)). Their contents were determined by HPLC in six different samples from different locations. The results indicated that ursolic acid (1), hispidulin (2), verbenaline (3), hastatoside (4), verbascoside (5), hispidulin 7-O-\u03b2-d-glucuronopyranoside (6) and pectolinaringenin-7-O-\u03b1-d-glucuronopyranoside (7) were the main constituents and ranged from 0.17 to 3.37 mg\/g of dried plant, with verbascoside being the most abundant and with a significant antioxidant activity in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hispidulin was the only active compound against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The aqueous extract showed no significant toxicity (LD50: &gt; 5000 mg\/mL). To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report of the chemical characterization of V. carolina and also of the activity of its constituents towards reactive oxygen species and dermatophytes, and its safety for consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T03:22:03Z","timestamp":1558581723000},"page":"1970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activities, and HPLC Determination of the Major Components of Verbena carolina (Verbenaceae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1012-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Lara-Issasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-4411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pedraza-Chaverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar N.","family":"Medina-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco A.","family":"\u00c1guila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Avil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jard\u00edn Etnobot\u00e1nico. Centro INAH, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca E.","family":"Rivero-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0761-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos 62790, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"R\u00edos-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sistem\u00e1tica Vegetal y Suelo, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Batalla 5 de mayo y P. El\u00edas calles s\/n. Col. Ej\u00e9rcito de Oriente, Iztapalapa 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, M\u00e9xico D.F. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"M\u00e1rquez, A.C., Lara, F., Esquivel, B., and Mata, R. (1999). Plantas Medicinales de M\u00e9xico II. Composici\u00f3n, Usos Y Actividad Biol\u00f3gica, UNAM."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Possible protective effect of verbena in rat liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride","volume":"38","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Cienc. Farm."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Osamu, S., Hiroshi, H., Homare, T., Satoshi, Y., and Fuminobu, Y. 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