{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:38:34Z","timestamp":1790473114843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["Nos. 81630091, 31670840 and 81773746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 81630091, 31670840 and 81773746"]}]},{"name":"The State Key Project of Research and Development Plan","award":["No. 2016YFE0122800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2016YFE0122800"]}]},{"name":"The Hubei Natural Sciences Foundation","award":["No. 2016CFA018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2016CFA018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion toxins are well-known as the largest potassium channel peptide blocker family. They have been successfully proven to be valuable molecular probes for structural research on diverse potassium channels. The potassium channel pore region, including the turret and filter regions, is the binding interface for scorpion toxins, and structural features from different potassium channels have been identified using different scorpion toxins. According to the spatial orientation of channel turrets with differential sequence lengths and identities, conformational changes and molecular surface properties, the potassium channel turrets can be divided into the following three states: open state with less hindering effects on toxin binding, half-open state or half-closed state with certain effects on toxin binding, and closed state with remarkable effects on toxin binding. In this review, we summarized the diverse structural features of potassium channels explored using scorpion toxin tools and discuss future work in the field of scorpion toxin-potassium channel interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T11:31:28Z","timestamp":1559129488000},"page":"2045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Diverse Structural Features of Potassium Channels Characterized by Scorpion Toxins as Molecular Probes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Biodrug Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Biodrug Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingliang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Biodrug Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7716527","article-title":"Revealing the architecture of a K+ channel pore through mutant cycles with a peptide inhibitor","volume":"268","author":"Hidalgo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.106","article-title":"Structural conservation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic potassium channels","volume":"280","author":"MacKinnon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01473","article-title":"Functional analysis of an archaebacterial voltage-dependent K+ channel","volume":"422","author":"Ruta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/35101535","article-title":"Ion conduction pore is conserved among potassium channels","volume":"413","author":"Lu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.69","article-title":"The structure of the potassium channel: Molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity","volume":"280","author":"Doyle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116269","article-title":"Crystal structure of a mammalian voltage-dependent Shaker family K+ channel","volume":"309","author":"Long","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00594","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00594","article-title":"Structure of a pore-blocking toxin in complex with a eukaryotic voltage-dependent K+ channel","volume":"2","author":"Banerjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04649","article-title":"Toxin-induced conformational changes in a potassium channel revealed by solid-state NMR","volume":"440","author":"Lange","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzmenkov, A.I., Krylov, N.A., Chugunov, A.O., Grishin, E.V., and Vassilevski, A.A. 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