{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T19:14:35Z","timestamp":1775762075360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also commonly known as sleeping sickness, is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people in poorly developed regions in sub-Saharan Africa. There is no satisfactory treatment for this infection. The investment necessary to bring new drugs to the market is a big deterrent to drug development, considering that the affected communities form a non-lucrative sector. However, natural products and many sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) in particular are very strong trypanocides. Research and applications of nano-drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles (NPs) have undergone unprecedented growth in the recent past. This is mainly due to the advantages offered by these systems, such as targeted delivery of the drug to the place of action (cell, parasite, etc), sustained release of the drug, increased bioavailability, reduced drug dosage, and reduction of undesired side effects, among others. In this study, the STLs \u03b1-santonin, arglabin, schkuhrin II, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide, all trypanocides, were loaded into polylactic acid (PLA) NPs through an emulsification-diffusion method. The NPs were stable, homogenous, and spherical in shape with a rounded knotty depression like a navel orange. The average particle sizes were 202.3, 220.3, 219.5, 216.9, and 226.4 nm for \u03b1-santonin, arglabin, schkuhrin II, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide, respectively. The NPs had encapsulation efficiencies of 94.6, 78.1, 76.8, 60.7, and 78.9% for \u03b1-santonin, arglabin, schkuhrin II, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide, respectively. The NPs loaded with arglabin, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide exhibited considerable antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) with free drug equivalent IC50 values of 3.67, 1.11 and 3.32 \u00b5M, respectively. None of the NP formulations displayed cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells (rat skeletal myoblast cell line L6). These results provide new insights into the possibility of incorporating STLs into nanoparticles, which may provide new options for their formulation in order to develop new drugs against HAT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T04:26:40Z","timestamp":1559622400000},"page":"2110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Preparation of Sesquiterpene Lactone-Loaded PLA Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antitrypanosomal Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Njogu","family":"Kimani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solveig","family":"Backhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josphat","family":"Matasyoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"Cecchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9rillon, J.-M., and Rivi\u00e8re, C. 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