{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:28:07Z","timestamp":1790638087062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]],"date-time":"2019-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2561B032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2561B032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Research Network","award":["IRN61W0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRN61W0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>B. monnieri extract (BME) is an abundant source of bioactive compounds, including saponins and flavonoids known to produce vasodilation. However, it is unclear which components are the more effective vasodilators. The aim of this research was to investigate the vasorelaxant effects and mechanisms of action of saponins and flavonoids on rat isolated mesenteric arteries using the organ bath technique. The vasorelaxant mechanisms, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway and calcium flux were examined. Saponins (bacoside A and bacopaside I), and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin) at 0.1\u2013100 \u00b5M caused vasorelaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. Luteolin and apigenin produced vasorelaxation in endothelial intact vessels with more efficacy (Emax 99.4 \u00b1 0.7 and 95.3 \u00b1 2.6%) and potency (EC50 4.35 \u00b1 1.31 and 8.93 \u00b1 3.33 \u00b5M) than bacoside A and bacopaside I (Emax 83.6 \u00b1 2.9 and 79.9 \u00b1 8.2%; EC50 10.8 \u00b1 5.9 and 14.6 \u00b1 5.4 \u00b5M). Pretreatment of endothelial intact rings, with L-NAME (100 \u00b5M); an eNOS inhibitor, or removal of the endothelium reduced the relaxant effects of all compounds. In K+-depolarised vessels suspended in Ca2+-free solution, these active compounds inhibited CaCl2-induced contraction in endothelial denuded arterial rings. Moreover, the active compounds attenuated transient contractions induced by 10 \u00b5M phenylephrine in Ca2+-free medium containing EGTA (1 mM). Thus, relaxant effects occurred in both endothelial intact and denuded vessels which signify actions through both endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, the flavonoids have about twice the potency of saponins as vasodilators. However, in the BME, there is ~20 \u00d7 the amount of vaso-reactive saponins and thus are more effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24122243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T03:24:41Z","timestamp":1560741881000},"page":"2243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Vasodilatory Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Bacopa monnieri Active Compounds on Rat Mesenteric Arteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Natakorn","family":"Kamkaew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamkeen Urooj","family":"Paracha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornkanok","family":"Ingkaninan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neti","family":"Waranuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krongkarn","family":"Chootip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2004). 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