{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:06:01Z","timestamp":1790564761575,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FINNOVA-CONACYT Project no. 209050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FINNOVA-CONACYT Project no. 209050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scholarship to R. Villarreal-Lara no. 359813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scholarship to R. Villarreal-Lara no. 359813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey","award":["Micronutrients (CAT-198) and Emerging Technologies (GIEE EICIM01) Research Chairs"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Micronutrients (CAT-198) and Emerging Technologies (GIEE EICIM01) Research Chairs"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acetogenins are bioactive fatty acid derivatives found in avocado tissues. Their efficacy as antimicrobials has been documented and initiated interest to use them as replacements of synthetic food additives. The present work focused on evaluation of multiple analytical methodologies for detection and quantification of organic solids present in a food-grade acetogenin-enriched extract (Avosafe\u00ae), and on its safety evaluations using bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) tests and acute oral toxicity to rat assays. Results confirmed chemical structures of two acetogenins as present in Avosafe\u00ae (AcO-avocadyne-(0) and AcO-avocadiene B-(3)), and together with seven other previously known compounds, quantified 94.74 \u00b1 5.77% w\/w of its solids as acetogenins. Safety evaluations indicated that Avosafe\u00ae was non-mutagenic and had an acute median lethal oral dose (LD50) to rats higher than the maximum concentration tested (&gt;2000 mg\u00b7kg\u22121), with no signs of macroscopic abnormalities in organs. Mean body weight and hematological and biochemical parameters were normal after 14 days of a single oral dose of 2000 mg\u00b7kg\u22121. The results advance scientific information on the safety of avocado seed acetogenins and also generate new knowledge on profiles and concentrations of individual acetogenins found in avocado tissues (seed, pulp, and leaves) and in Avosafe\u00ae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T07:24:17Z","timestamp":1561533857000},"page":"2354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Chemical Profile and Safety Assessment of a Food-Grade Acetogenin-Enriched Antimicrobial Extract from Avocado Seed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dariana G.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9512-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Villarreal-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn R.","family":"Ramos-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabol\u00f3mica. Batall\u00f3n de San Patricio, 112 Col. Real de San Agust\u00edn, San Pedro Garza Garc\u00eda, NL 66278, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perla A.","family":"Ramos-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Granados-Principal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospital Universitario de Ja\u00e9n, Avenida del Ej\u00e9rcito Espa\u00f1ol 10, 23007 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustraci\u00f3n 114, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo I.","family":"D\u00edaz de la Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabol\u00f3mica. 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