{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:18:32Z","timestamp":1790817512158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetal leftovers from the agro\u2013food industry represent a huge source of primary and secondary metabolites, vitamin, mineral salts and soluble as well as insoluble fibers. Economic reports on the growth in the polyphenol market have driven us to focus our investigation on chicory (Chicorium intybus L.), which is one of the most popular horticultural plants in the world and a rich source of phenolic compounds. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and their simultaneous combination, using either ethanol\/water or water alone (also sub-critical), have been investigated with the aim of designing a green and efficient extraction process. Higher total-polyphenol yields as well as dramatic reductions in extraction times and solvent consumption have been obtained under these conditions. ANOVA test for analyses of variance followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) post-hoc test of multiple comparisons was used in the statistical analysis. MAE experiments performed with sub-critical water, and MW\/US experiments with an ethanol solution have shown polyphenol recovery values of up to ~3 g of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per kg of fresh material in only 15 min, while conventional extraction required 240 min to obtain the same result.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T10:48:19Z","timestamp":1563965299000},"page":"2681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Technology and Process Design for Phenols Recovery from Industrial Chicory (Chicorium intybus) Leftovers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Camilla Maria","family":"Cova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra Nnal IV, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Boffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pistocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSphere Srl, Via Cellaimo, 3456, 47032 Bertinoro (FC), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silver","family":"Giorgini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orogel SpA, Via Dismano 2600, 47522 Cesena (FC), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Ctra Nnal IV, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7574-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Cravotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13078615","article-title":"Green Extraction of Natural Products: Concept and Principles","volume":"13","author":"Chemat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1486","article-title":"Green extraction processes of natural products as tools for biorefinery","volume":"8","author":"Rombaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofuel. Bioprod. 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