{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:43:41Z","timestamp":1760240621072,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS20132225-106","R01CA205348-01","P20GM103447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS20132225-106","R01CA205348-01","P20GM103447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008569","name":"Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR16-085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR16-085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrotic diseases, such as Dupuytren\u2019s contracture (DC), involve excess scar tissue formation. The differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts is a significant mechanism in DC, as it generates tissue contraction in areas without wound openings, leading to the deposition of scar tissue, and eventually flexing one or more fingers in a restrictive fashion. Additionally, DC has a high recurrence rate. Previously, we showed that N-dihydrogalactochitosan (GC), an immunostimulant, inhibited myofibroblast differentiation in a DC fibroblast culture. Our goal of this study was to expand our previous study to include other DC and normal cell lines and other chitosan derivatives (GC and single-walled carbon nanotube-conjugated GC) to determine the specific mechanism of inhibition. Derivative-incorporated and vehicle control (water) anchored fibroblast-populated collagen matrices (aFPCM) were used to monitor compaction (anchored matrix height reduction) using microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for six days. Fibroblasts were unable to compact chitosan derivative aFPCM to the same extent as vehicle control aFPCM in repeated experiments. Similarly, chitosan derivative aFPCM contracted less than control aFPCM when released from anchorage. Proliferative myofibroblasts were identified by the presence of alpha smooth muscle actin via myofibroblast proliferative assay. In all tested conditions, a small percentage of myofibroblasts and proliferative cells were present. However, when aFPCM were treated with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-\u03b21), all tested samples demonstrated increased myofibroblasts, proliferation, compaction, and contraction. Although compaction and contraction were reduced, there was sufficient tension present in the chitosan derivative aFPCM to allow exogenous stimulation of the myofibroblast phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T08:45:39Z","timestamp":1564130739000},"page":"2713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of Chitosan Derivatives on the Compaction and Tension Generation of the Fibroblast-populated Collagen Matrix"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"K. Tu","family":"Doan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pratiksha","family":"Kshetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natthapume","family":"Attamakulsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek R.","family":"Newsome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Physics, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia K.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei R.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Physics, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Physics, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4648-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melville B.","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research (CIBER), College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm809","article-title":"Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling","volume":"3","author":"Tomasek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. 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