{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:57:27Z","timestamp":1787029047151,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,28]],"date-time":"2019-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2015\/18\/A\/ST4\/00058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2015\/18\/A\/ST4\/00058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2016\/21\/N\/ST3\/00469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2016\/21\/N\/ST3\/00469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POWR.03.02.00- 00-I004\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.02.00- 00-I004\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Materials exhibiting memory or those capable of implementing certain learning schemes are the basic building blocks used in hardware realizations of the neuromorphic computing. One of the common goals within this paradigm assumes the integration of hardware and software solutions, leading to a substantial efficiency enhancement in complex classification tasks. At the same time, the use of unconventional approaches towards signal processing based on information carriers other than electrical carriers seems to be an interesting trend in the design of modern electronics. In this context, the implementation of light-sensitive elements appears particularly attractive. In this work, we combine the abovementioned ideas by using a simple optoelectronic device exhibiting a short-term memory for a rudimentary classification performed on a handwritten digits set extracted from the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology Database (MNIST)(being one of the standards used for benchmarking of such systems). The input data was encoded into light pulses corresponding to black (ON-state) and white (OFF-state) pixels constituting a digit and used in this form to irradiate a polycrystalline cadmium sulfide electrode. An appropriate selection of time intervals between pulses allows utilization of a complex kinetics of charge trapping\/detrapping events, yielding a short-term synaptic-like plasticity which in turn leads to the improvement of data separability. To the best of our knowledge, this contribution presents the simplest hardware realization of a classification system capable of performing neural network tasks without any sophisticated data processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T03:06:58Z","timestamp":1564369618000},"page":"2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hardware Realization of the Pattern Recognition with an Artificial Neuromorphic Device Exhibiting a Short-Term Memory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dawid","family":"Przyczyna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Pilarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Szaci\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Perez, L., and Wang, J. (2017). The effectiveness of data augmentation in image classification using deep learning. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00201-3","article-title":"Artificial neural networks: fundamentals, computing, design, and application","volume":"43","author":"Basheer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Querlioz, D., Bichler, O., and Gamrat, C. (August, January 31). Simulation of a memristor-based spiking neural network immune to device variations. 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